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...The Prudhoe Bay field, located on the North Slope of Alaska, is the largest oil and gas ...field in North America.[1][2][3][4][5] The main Permo-Triassic reservoir is a thick deltaic high-quality ...ut 500 ft thick with porosities of 15 to 30% BV and permeabilities ranging from 50 to 3,000 md. The field contains 20 109 bbl of oil overlain by a 35 Tcf gas cap. The oil averages 27.6 API gravity and ...
The Prudhoe Bay field, located on the North Slope of Alaska, is the largest oil and gas field in North America.[1][2][3][4][5] The main Permo-Triassic reservoir is a thick deltaic high-quality sandstone deposit about 500 ft thick with porosities of 15 to 30% BV and permeabilities ranging from 50 to 3,000 md. The field contains 20 109 bbl of oil overlain by a 35 Tcf gas cap. The oil averages 27.6 API gravity and has an original solution gas-oil ratio (GOR) of about 735 scf/STB. Under much of the oil column area, there is a 20- to 60-ft-thick tar mat located above the oil-water contact (OWC).
...d downward movement of the gas cap at each location can be stabilized. Fig. 2[2] shows views of the Prudhoe Bay oil ...field (Alaska North Slope) in which the original gas cap was offset to the northeast of most of the oil c...d over much of the downdip oil column where the hundreds of producing wells were located. Fig. 2 – Prudhoe Bay field: different natural depletion producing mechanisms in various areas of the Sadlerochit reservoir.[2]...
This page discusses the primary manner in which the immiscible gas/oil displacement process has been used in qualitative terms. This is the use of gas injection high on structure to displace oil downdip toward the production wells that are completed low in the oil column. In many cases, an original gas cap was present, so the gas was injected into that gas cap interval (see Figure 1[1] for cross-sectional view of anticlinal reservoir with gas cap over oil column with dip angle α and thickness h). In this situation, the force of gravity is at work, trying to stabilize the downward gas/oil displacement process by keeping the gas on top of the oil and counteracting the unstable gas/oil viscous displacement process. If the oil production rate is kept below the critical rate, then the gas/oil contact (GOC) will move downward at a uniform rate.
...he complications that occur when making net-pay, porosity, and water saturation (Sw) calculations. Prudhoe Bay is the largest oil and gas ...field in North America with more than 20 billion bbl of original oil in place (OOIP) and an overlying 30 ... that a final equity determination be undertaken. In the course of this determination, an extensive field coring program was conducted, which resulted in more than 25 oil-based mud (OBM) cores being cut in...
This article presents brief summaries of detailed petrophysical evaluations of several fields that have been described in the SPE and Soc. of Professional Well Log Analysts (SPWLA) technical literature. These case studies cover some of the complications that occur when making net-pay, porosity, and water saturation (Sw) calculations. Prudhoe Bay is the largest oil and gas field in North America with more than 20 billion bbl of original oil in place (OOIP) and an overlying 30 Tscf gas cap. In the early 1980s, the unit operating agreement required that a final equity determination be undertaken. In the course of this determination, an extensive field coring program was conducted, which resulted in more than 25 oil-based mud (OBM) cores being cut in all areas of the field and some conventional water-based mud (WBM) and bland-mud cores in other wells.
...ndary-drainage data of Fig. 10 for a rock sample (permeability 223 md, porosity 0.257) from the Prudhoe Bay field, which they identify as a mixed-wet reservoir. As is typical of mixed-wet samples, the water satura...ressure just above zero. Fig. 10 – Capillary pressure relationship for a mixed-wet sample from the Prudhoe Bay field (from Jerauld and Rathmell[9]). Use this section to list papers in OnePetro that a reader who want...
Relative permeability and capillary pressure defined capillary pressure as the difference in pressure across the interface between two phases. Similarly, it has been defined as the pressure differential between two immiscible fluid phases occupying the same pores caused by interfacial tension between the two phases that must be overcome to initiate flow. With Laplace's equation, the capillary pressure Pcow between adjacent oil and water phases can be related to the principal radii of curvature R1 and R2 of the shared interface and the interfacial tension σow for the oil/water interface: The relationship between capillary pressure and fluid saturation could be computed in principle, but this is rarely attempted except for very idealized models of porous media. Methods for measuring the relationship are discussed in Measurement of capillary pressure and relative permeability. Figure 1 shows a sketch of a typical capillary pressure relationship for gas invading a porous medium that is initially saturated with water; the gas/water capillary pressure is defined as Pcgw pg-pw.
...The Kuparuk River oil field is west of the supergiant ...Prudhoe Bay oil ...field on Alaska's North Slope and was discovered in 1969.[1][2][3][4] It has approximately 5.9 billion bb...
The Kuparuk River oil field is west of the supergiant Prudhoe Bay oil field on Alaska's North Slope and was discovered in 1969.[1][2][3][4] It has approximately 5.9 billion bbl of stock tank original oil in place (STOOIP) and covers more than 200 sq. The sandstone reservoir consists of two zones [A (62% of STOOIP) and C (38% of STOOIP)] that are separated by impermeable shales and siltstones. Sales oil is approximately 24 API with a viscosity at reservoir conditions of approximately 2.5 cp. The reservoir oil was approximately 300 to 500 psi undersaturated at the original reservoir pressure of approximately 3,300 psia.
...logs by many techniques, because shale affects the readings of most logs. The task for a particular field is to identify an evaluation technique that is reasonably accurate and as simple as possible. A met...utions[21] attempt to identify individual clay species. Nevertheless, for petrophysical studies for field development, it is the GR log that is probably used most frequently to evaluate Vsh. The GR-log rea...the reservoir is appropriately subdivided. [22][23] Fig. 5 shows the vertical zonation used for the Prudhoe Bay field's Sadlerochit reservoir. Figs. 6 through 8 are example plots based on real reservoir data that show...
The identification of a bed's lithology is fundamental to all reservoir characterization because the physical and chemical properties of the rock that holds hydrocarbons and/or water affect the response of every tool used to measure formation properties. Understanding reservoir lithology is the foundation from which all other petrophysical calculations are made. To make accurate petrophysical calculations of porosity, water saturation (Sw), and permeability, the various lithologies of the reservoir interval must be identified and their implications understood. Lithology means "the composition or type of rock such as sandstone or limestone." Lithology focuses on grains, while rock type focuses on pores. The list of rock types contains more than 250 classifications. Another term used in the literature is the Greek equivalent "petrofacies."
...Swc can then be calculated. However, the best-fit Swc result actually is determined by matching the field tracer profiles using our multilayer simulator program for the connate water test. An example of a...n profile from a SWCT test for connate water is shown in Fig. 1.[1] The target formation was in the Prudhoe Bay Field on the Alaska North Slope, US. The reactive ester injected was isopropyl acetate, which was dissolv...ed in light diesel oil. The product tracer in this case was isopropyl alchohol (IPA). Fig. 1 – Field data and simulated tracer profiles for an SWCT test for Swc. The best-fit simulation model for thi...
In certain situations, it is necessary to obtain a reliable measurement for connate water saturation (Swc) in an oil reservoir. The single well chemical tracer (SWCT) method has been used successfully for this purpose. The SWCT method has been used successfully for this purpose in six reservoirs.[1] The SWCT test for Swc usually is carried out on wells that are essentially 100% oil producers. The procedure is analogous to the SWCT method for Sor, taking into account that oil is the mobile phase and water is stationary in the pore space.
...riginal papers should be studied to obtain a more detailed description of the programs. The Snorre field is a giant oil reservoir (sandstone) in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea. Injection water and ... the resulting tracer measurements are discussed in this page. The same tracers used in the Snorre field have been injected in the Gullfaks ...field[1] in the North Sea. The tracers identified unexpected communication paths between layers. The resu...
Interwell tracer tests are widely used. This article reviews some of the studies reported in open literature. The selection introduces different problems that have been addressed, but the original papers should be studied to obtain a more detailed description of the programs. The Snorre field is a giant oil reservoir (sandstone) in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea. Injection water and gas were monitored with tracers, 18 and the resulting tracer measurements are discussed in this page.
...This page discusses field experience in the application of various types of conformance improvement gel treatments. Fig. 1[1... to the naturally fractured Embar carbonate formation surrounding Well O-7 of the highly mature SOB field in the Big Horn basin of Wyoming. The wide variations in water/oil ratio (WOR) and oil production r...y good. Fig. 1 – Production response to the CC/AP gel treatment applied to injector O-7 in the SOB field. Fig. 2[1][3] shows seven years of incremental oil production response for the combined direct off...
Figure 1[1][2] shows the type of production response that is possible when applying a polymer gel treatment to a waterflood injection well to improve sweep efficiency. The figure shows the combined production-response of the four direct offsetting production wells to the gel-treated injection well. The gel treatment was applied for waterflood sweep-improvement purposes to the naturally fractured Embar carbonate formation surrounding Well O-7 of the highly mature SOB field in the Big Horn basin of Wyoming. The wide variations in water/oil ratio (WOR) and oil production rate are quite common in many of the well patterns of this highly fractured reservoir. Sydansk[2] provides more details regarding the 20,000 bbl gel treatment.
...ge, Curve 2 represents spontaneous imbibition, and Curve 3 represents forced imbibition.[2] An oil field's initial water-/oil-saturation distribution depends on its hydrocarbon history and has a significa...arbon or structural history. Portions of several west Texas San Andres carbonate reservoirs and the Prudhoe Bay field of Alaska are examples of such oil fields. This original water-/oil-saturation distribution is imp...he best approximation of reservoir conditions. Salathiel describes the importance of this to actual field oil/water displacement.[3] Fig. 10 shows the results of Salathiel's laboratory experiments that rel...
At the pore level (i.e., where the water and oil phases interact immiscibly when moving from one set of pores to the next), wettability and pore geometry are the two key considerations. The interplay between wettability and pore geometry in a reservoir rock is what is represented by the laboratory-determined capillary pressure curves and water/oil relative permeability curves that engineers use when making original oil in place (OOIP) and fluid-flow calculations. This article discusses these basic concepts and their implications for initial water- and oil-saturation distribution, relative permeability, and how initial gas saturation will affect water/oil flow behavior. Figure 1[1] is a schematic diagram of the water/oil displacement process. Wettability is defined in terms of the interaction of two immiscible phases, such as oil and water, and a solid surface, such as that of the pores of a reservoir rock.