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Search Petrowiki: ROP
...Glossary:ROP Rate of penetration...
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...of drilling deeper, especially onshore, is typically associated with decreased rate of penetration (ROP) caused by both harder rock and higher mud weights required to counter the overpressured reservoirs...mmers have never been seriously considered for most deep drilling where hammer energy might enhance ROP by helping to overcome increased rock strength. In an effort to develop novel drilling technologie...evel of cleaning ahead of each cutter. The jets also energize fractures ahead of the bit to enhance ROP. * Fig. 1--Integrated drilling system. * Fig. 2--Advanced mud hammer. Directional steering is ...
As the quest for new petroleum supplies has increased in the past few years, operators have been forced to drill deeper to find new reserves. Much of the higher cost of drilling deeper, especially onshore, is typically associated with decreased rate of penetration (ROP) caused by both harder rock and higher mud weights required to counter the overpressured reservoirs often associated with deeper drilling. The following discussion centers on technologies intended to enhance the deep drilling capability. Industrial hammers for hard rock drilling have been around for some time, but most have been air operated and used in the mining industry. Historically, hammers have been thought to have limited capability in oil and gas drilling operations, with their use limited to air drilling.
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...it performance must be estimated. Thus, we must assume either the footage the bit will drill or the ROP it will obtain. If the footage is assumed, then we use the following equation to calculate the brea...k-even ROP: where Cr rig operating cost ( /hr), Co offset cost per foot ( ), t trip time of bit (hr),C...assumed bit footage (ft). Therefore, in the above example, The bit must drill the 3,380 ft at an ROP of 13.7 ft/hr to equal the offset cost per foot of 28.46 for the same 3,380 ft. If an ...
Regardless of how good a new product or method may be to a drilling operation, the result is always measured in terms of cost per foot or meter. Lowest cost per foot indicates to drilling engineers and supervisors which products to use most advantageously in each situation. Reduced costs lead directly to higher profits or the difference between profit and loss. For those in administration, engineering, manufacturing, and sales, cost calculations are used to evaluate the effectiveness of any product or method, new or old. Because drilling costs are so important, everyone involved should know how to make a few simple cost calculations.
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... be considered on an application-to-application basis to ensure achievement of rate of penetration (ROP) goals during cooling, cleaning the bit, and removing cuttings efficiently. During design, all fact... cutting structures are recognized as the principal determinant of force balancing for bits and for ROP during drilling. Cutting mechanics The method in which rock fails is important in bit design and...he number of cutters on a bit faces yields the following results: * The depth of cut increases. * ROP increases. * Torque increases. * Bit life is shortened. Increasing cutter density yields: * Dec...
Principles for Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC) bit design are discussed here. Thermally stable PDC * 5.2 Cutter optimization * 5.2.1 Cutter shape * 6 References * 7 Noteworthy papers in OnePetro * 8 External links * 9 See also * 10 Page champions * 11 Category Four considerations primarily influence bit design and performance: * Mechanical design parameters. Geometric considerations include bit shape or profile, which is predicated based on: * Cutter geometry. Each of these factors must be considered on an application-to-application basis to ensure achievement of rate of penetration (ROP) goals during cooling, cleaning the bit, and removing cuttings efficiently. During design, all factors are considered simultaneously.
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...t of drillstring rotary speed and pipe eccentricity * The maximum recommended rate of penetration (ROP) for the given conditions These tools are useful not only for drilling extended-reach wells, but a...nsolids-suspending mud), turbulent two-phase flow, and, normally, an increased rate of penetration (ROP). A result of two-phase flow is accelerating mud and cuttings transport velocities (because of gas ...s in an increase in the amount of cuttings in the annulus. To ensure good hole cleaning during high ROP drilling, the flow rate and/or pipe rotation have to be adjusted. If the limits of these two variab...
Hole cleaning is the ability of a drilling fluid to transport and suspend drilled cuttings. Throughout the last decade, many studies have been conducted to gain understanding on hole cleaning in directional-well drilling. Laboratory work has demonstrated that drilling at an inclination angle greater than approximately 30 from vertical poses problems in cuttings removal that are not encountered in vertical wells.Figure 1 illustrates that the formation of a moving or stationary cuttings bed becomes an apparent problem, if the flow rate for a given mud rheology is below a certain critical value. The most prevalent problem is excessive torque and drag, which often leads to the inability of reaching the target in high-angle/extended-reach drilling. Effective drilling-fluid selection and management is important to the successful outcome of a high-angle or horizontal extended-reach drilling (ERD) operation.
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...ay from bit centerline). * Steerability. * Cutter density. * Durability. * Rate of penetration (ROP). * Cleaning efficiency. * Prevention of thermal damage to cutters by cooling. Elements of PDC b...le contributes to hydraulic flow efficiency across the bit face. Hydraulic flows directly influence ROP through the cuttings removal they provide. If cuttings are removed as rapidly as they are produced,... ROP will be relatively higher. If a bit is capable of generating cuttings faster than they can be remov...
The shape of a Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC) bit body is called its profile. Bit profile has a direct influence on the following bit qualities: * Stability (tendency to vibrate or drill laterally away from bit centerline). It is also the principal influence on bit productivity and stability. The geometry established by the profile contributes to hydraulic flow efficiency across the bit face. Hydraulic flows directly influence ROP through the cuttings removal they provide.
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...to a time-based counter, which will give either an instantaneous or an average rate of penetration (ROP). Some companies still use a pressurized depth-tracking/...ROP sensor. The pressurized ...ROP system works on the principle of the change in hydrostatic pressure in a column of water as the hei...
By analyzing cuttings, drilling mud, and drilling parameters for hydrocarbon-associated phenomena, we can develop a great deal of information and understanding concerning the physical properties of a well from the surface to final depth. A critical function in data analysis is familiarity with the different sensors used for gathering surface data. The primary types of surface data sensors are discussed in this page. Current depth-tracking sensors digitally count the amount of rotational movement as the draw-works drum turns when the drilling line moves up or down. Each count represents a fixed amount of distance traveled, which can be related directly to depth movement (increasing or decreasing depth).
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...of drilling deeper, especially onshore, is typically associated with decreased rate of penetration (ROP) caused by both harder rock and higher mud weights required to counter the overpressured reservoirs...mmers have never been seriously considered for most deep drilling where hammer energy might enhance ROP by helping to overcome increased rock strength. In an effort to develop novel drilling technologie...evel of cleaning ahead of each cutter. The jets also energize fractures ahead of the bit to enhance ROP. * Fig. 13.11--Integrated drilling system. * Fig. 13.12--Advanced mud hammer. Directional ste...
The following discussion of emerging drilling technologies will be limited to those technologies now coming into the market, not those, such as rotary steerable and multilateral technologies, that have ready reference on service company Internet websites. Hence, this discussion is not comprehensive, but it is intended to include most of the high-impact technologies that are likely to be commercialized in the next 3 to 5 years with a brief look beyond. The focus on drilling technology in the United States at the beginning of the 21st century is primarily in response to the fact that its remaining oil and gas resources exist in mature provinces of significantly depleted basins or in difficult drilling environments, such as the Arctic or the deepwater Gulf of Mexico (GOM). Because the United States has led the world in petroleum demand, the environment of depletion and push for further development of these mature basins will provide lessons and technology immediately applicable to the rest of the world as the world resource base continues to mature. All nations have a stake and will benefit from this development of the next redefinition of drilling state of the art. The most basic requirement of drilling technology is that it provide safe, economic access to subsurface geologic formations to evaluate/optimize their production potential or to produce the resource existing there. The operative word is "economic." In high-cost environments, such as the deepwater offshore, technology is needed to maximize efficiency and to minimize time on location. In the onshore arena where reservoir potential is lower, the cost of accessing that potential also has to be reduced with such technologies as casing drilling. Also, with the advent of "unconventional resources" and fracture "sweet spots" as primary exploration targets, technology must provide a "smart drilling" capability to enhance finding these more difficult targets and to optimize access to the target in a manner that maximizes the production. Advances in technology in the past decade are not all simply random evolutionary advances but represent a step change in drilling technology.
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...it performance must be estimated. Thus, we must assume either the footage the bit will drill or the ROP it will obtain. If the footage is assumed, then we use the following equation to calculate the brea...k-even ROP: where Cr rig operating cost ($/hr), Co offset cost per foot ($), t trip time of bit (hr), Cb ... assumed bit footage (ft). Therefore, in the above example, The bit must drill the 3,380 ft at an ROP of 13.7 ft/hr to equal the offset cost per foot of $28.46 for the same 3,380 ft. If an ...
Introduction Rotary drilling uses two types of drill bits: roller-cone bits and fixed-cutter bits. Roller-cone bits are generally used to drill a wide variety of formations, from very soft to very hard. Milled-tooth (or steel-tooth) bits are typically used for drilling relatively soft formations. Tungsten carbide inserts bits (TCI or button bits) are used in a wider range of formations, including the hardest and most abrasive drilling applications (see Figure 1.1). Fixed-cutter bits, including polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC), impregnated, and diamond bits, can drill an extensive array of formations at various depths.
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