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Abstract This study details characterization and Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) modeling of a naturally fractured carbonate reservoir with natural fractures and karst, or “non-matrix,” that are essential to production. Characterization of non-matrix follows a workflow where non-matrix is interpreted from image logs and core. Prediction of non-matrix intensity trends away from well control is performed using regression to identify covariance with static grid properties and modeled using Sequential Gaussian Simulation (SGS). DFNs are built to model fractures and karst with defined statistical distributions of orientation, size, aperture, and permeability. Several DFN realizations are created to capture uncertainty. A hybrid Embedded Discrete Fracture Model plus Dual Porosity Dual Permeability (DPDK) approach is employed for simulation. Each DFN is split into 3 different size bins, including “small” fractures upscaled and added to matrix; “medium” fractures upscaled and assigned to the DPDK grid; and “large” fractures and karst that are modeled as EDFM. The resulting EDFM+DPDK models are used in practice for forecasting and signposting primary production and IOR outcomes. This work highlights a workflow to incorporate fracture characterization with fracture prediction to build DFNs that are geologically robust, consistent with dynamic well test data, and application to EDFM+DPDK models for forecasting.
- North America > United States (1.00)
- Asia > Kazakhstan > Mangystau Region (0.83)
- Geology > Geological Subdiscipline > Geomechanics (1.00)
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock > Carbonate Rock (0.68)
- Geology > Petroleum Play Type > Unconventional Play > Fractured Carbonate Reservoir Play (0.60)
- Asia > Kazakhstan > West Kazakhstan > Precaspian Basin (0.99)
- Asia > Kazakhstan > Mangystau Oblast > Precaspian Basin > Tengiz Field > Tengiz Formation (0.99)
- Asia > Kazakhstan > Mangystau Oblast > Precaspian Basin > Tengiz Field > Korolev Formation (0.99)
- (4 more...)
Summary Projection and building of high dams and other constructions in mountain folded regions require an investigation of rockfalls and landslides and an evalution of slope stability, especially in rocky ground. Regularities of rockfall and landslide formation are demonstrated as an example with rockfall-landslide areas within valley of the Inguri River (Western Caucasus) where Cretaceous carbonaceous rocks and Jurassic igneous rocks occured. Types, volumes, stages and other features of rockfall and landslide development are determined by complex of formed rocks, by rate and irregularity of structural block movements, by spatial relationship between tectonic ruptures and large joints and slope, history of it evolution, exogenous destruction of rocks into near slope zone. Mountain slopes are characterized by definite time sequence of landslides, rockfalls, osoves and screes on general background of irregular tectonic uplifts and erosion dissection. A complexity of geological structure of mountain slope and a great number of factors of landslide and rockfall formation defines a possibility of stability slope evaluation by means of calculation and shows a favour perspective of analysis of geological development of slope and types of rockfalls and landslides. Projection and building of high dams, hydroelectric power-stations, derivative and road constructions in folded mountain regions cause an intense development of engineering and geological investigations of rockfalls, landslides, stability of mountain slopes which as a rule composed of solid rocks. Valleys of large Caucasian rivers (including the Inguri River) are deeply incised in thick bodies of sedimentary (carbonaceous, igneous, clays and slates), metamorphous and intrusive rocks with complex tectonic structures. Formation and types of rockfalls, landslides, osoves and other slope phenomena in rocks mainly depend on united action of geological factors as well as climatic zonation. They are characterized by some general regularities. Types, volumes, stages and other features of rockfalls and lanslides on mountain slopes are determined by rock complex, by nature of tectonic dislocations (folding, ruptures, bedding) and jointing; by relation of orientation and steepness of high slope with strike and tilt of main tectonic and exogenous joints, ruptures and folds; by geological history of slopes which lead to very different extent of rock destruction by relaxation, weathering, leaching and suffosion within slope parts of various age; and by distribution, head and regime of ground water in slope rocks. Résumé La projection et la construction des hautes digues dans des régions montagneuses exigent des études approfondies des effondrements de roches aussi bien que l’evaluation de la stabilité des versants, surtout des versants de roche. Les lois de formation des effondrements et des eboulements de terre sont demontrées sur le cas des terrains, situés dans la vallée d’Ingouri, composés de roches carbonatés, de craie et roches volcaniques jurassiques. Types, volumes, stades et autres particularités de l’évolution des effondrements et des éboulements de terre des versants de roche dépendent des complexes de roches, où ils se forment, du temps et des mouvements inégaux des blocs structurais et de la correlation d’espace entre dés ruptures tectoniques, de grandes crevasses et le versant et de l’histoire de la formation du versant, qui prédetermine la désagrégation exogène des roches dans la zone, située près du versant. Pour les versants de roche montagneuses est caractéristique le changement du temps déterminé des éboulements, des effondrements, des „osoves" qui se produisent sur le fond général des relèvements tectoniques inégaux et du démebrement érosif. La composition géologique compliquée du versant et la multiplicitée de facteurs, qui provoquent les éboulements et les effondrements, limitent les possibilités de l’évaluation de la stabilité des versants par des méthodes de calculs et déterminent la perspective d une méthode, basée sur l’analyse de l’évolution géologique du versant et des types des éboulements et des effondrements de terre. Zusammenfassung Die Projektierung und Errichtung hoher Staudämme in Gebieten mit Faltengebirge erfordert ein Studium der Bergstürze, Bergrutsche und des Stabilitätsgrades der Abhänge, vor allem der felsigen Gesteinsschichten. Die Gesetzmässigkeiten der Bildung von Bergstürzen und Bergrutschen waren am Beispiel der Bergstürze und Bergrutsch — Abschnitte im Tal des Inguri — Flusses (Westkaukasus), welche aus karbonat —, kreide — und vulkanhaltigen Jura — Gesteinsschichten bestanden, ersichtlich. Typen, Volumen, Entwickluntgssadien und andere Besonderheiten der Entwicklung von Bergstürzen und Bergrutschen an Gebirgshängen sind durch die Gesteinsschichten — Komplexe bedingt, von welchen sie im Laufe der Zeit gebildet wurden; durch die Ungleichmässigkeit der Bewegungen der Strukturschichten, durch das räumliche Verhältnis der tektonichen Sprengungen und durch die grossen Risse mit Abhang sowie durch die Geschichte ihrer Bildung, die durch die exogene Zerstörung der Gesteinsschichten in der anliegenden Zone bedingt war. Für Gebirgshänge ist eine bestimmte zeitliche Ablösung von Bergrutschen, Bergstützen und Gerölle charakteristisch, die auf dem allgemeinen. Hintergrund ungleichmässiger tektonischer: Erhebungen und erosiver Gliederung entstehen. Der komplizierte geologische Aufbau der Gebirgshänge und die Vielzahl der Faktoren, welche die Stürze und Bergrutsche hervorrufen, begrenzen die Möglichkeiten der Bestimmung des Stabilitätsgrades der Abhänge mit rechnerischen Methoden und geben jener Methode die Perspektive, die auf der Analyse der geologischen Entwicklung des Abhanges und der Typen der Bergstürze und Bergrutsche beruht.
- Phanerozoic > Mesozoic (0.70)
- Phanerozoic > Cenozoic > Quaternary > Holocene (0.33)
- Geology > Structural Geology > Tectonics (1.00)
- Geology > Rock Type > Igneous Rock (1.00)
- Energy > Power Industry (0.54)
- Energy > Renewable > Hydroelectric (0.53)
Summary This report presents the results of direct shear tests on bedding planes of a jurassic limestone. The tests were carried out on small samples in the laboratory and on big blocks in-situ. The field tests gave a friction angle approximately 5°higher than the laboratory tests, which is thought to be a scale effect. 1 – Introduction Near Boningen in Kanton Solothurn,Switzerland, the freeway N 1 Berne-Zürich parallels the slope of the Jura mountain >>Born« in a rock cut (Fig.1) Following a slide which occurred during a heavy rainstorm,the shearing properties of the rock were investigated in order to obtain design data for stabilizing measures. The rock consists of layered limestone of the Malm Series dipping approximately parallel to the mountain slope at an angle varying from 30° to 45° over the length of the cut. The bedding planes of the rock are generally smoth and clean except for some planes with thin loamy interlayers measuring up to a few milimeters in thickness. The investigations included direct shear tests on the bedding planes of the rock in the laboratory and in-situ, supplemented by testing of the interlayer material. 2 – Laboratory Shear Tests The tests were carried out in a laboratory shear apparatus as described in [1] [2]. The procedure can be characterized briefly as follows (see Fig.2): A rock sample containing the discontinuity, i.e. the cleft or bedding plane to be investigated, is fixed in a double steel form in such a way, that the discontinuity lies approximately in the plane of symmetry of the two forms. Two forces N and T, normal and tangential to the discontinuity, are exerted and measured by means of proving rings. As the shear surfaces are usually not perfectly plane and perfectly aligned in the plane of symmetry of the forms, the shear movement is generally associated with a converging or diverging movement of the two halves of the sample. In our testing procedure, this change is reflected by a corresponding change in normal force. This is the reason, why, in the test diagrams (Fig. 3) a line representing one test cycle is not vertical. As soon as the rock surfaces start sliding appreciably on each other, these curves will show a marked bend and will from then on approximately follow the friction line.
- Europe > Switzerland > Zürich > Zürich (0.24)
- Europe > Switzerland > Solothurn > Solothurn (0.24)
- Geology > Geological Subdiscipline (1.00)
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock > Carbonate Rock > Limestone (0.85)