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Collaborating Authors
Results
Modeling of Soil Temperature as a Function of Depth and the Influence of Temperature Change in Marine Environment
Hervé, Ndaye Mudumbi (College of Safety and Ocean Engineering, China University of Petroleum Beijing / College of Oil, Gas and Renewable Energies, University of Kinshasa) | Duan, Menglan (College of Safety and Ocean Engineering, China University of Petroleum Beijing / Instutite for Ocean Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University) | Onuoha, Mac Darlington Uche (College of Safety and Ocean Engineering, China University of Petroleum Beijing) | Bavon, Diemu Tshiband (College of Oil, Gas and Renewable Energies, University of Kinshasa)
ABSTRACT Changes in the physical state of fluid caused by the temperature in saturated soil is an important thermodynamic phenomenon affecting soil and shallow hydrate reservoirs. During the fluid-soil interaction, once the shale formation is flooded, the compressive strength of the mud-shale decreases rapidly with the increase of water content, and the creep rate increases significantly with the increase of water content. In the proposed approach, a fluid-soil interaction experiment was developed and, a thermo-mechanical numerical model for the transient and instantaneous heat transfer process was developed in ABAQUS which is used to predict the soil temperature and fluid state variation. INTRODUCTION The dynamic change of liquid state from water to ice caused by solar radiation and air temperature variations and heat transfer affects the physical composition of the soil (Sun et al., 2019; Janna, 2009), and the stability of structures in polar and cold regions (Li et al., 2009). Several authors (Poudel et al., 2012; Farouki, 1981; Taylor and Luthin,1976; Noor, 2023) have studied the influence of low ground temperatures on shallow soil layers. By analyzing the calculation model of the annual temperature variation according to the variation of depths, and the number of days of the year proposed by Hillel (1980), this model can be considered as a purely thermal model taking into account only the depth, conductivity, and heat capacity of the soil. Firstly, as part of this study, it is considered that the model of soil temperature variations is instantaneous (considering that the temperature can change at any time of the day), which differs from the thermal model of Hillel's, which based only on annual (considering that the temperature remains constant throughout the day) and thermal. In contrast to the analytical results of the method proposed by Hillel, the proposed numerical model in this study has the following thermo-mechanical parameters of the soil: density, Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, height, thickness, and specific heat capacity. These parameters will provide a better prediction of the instantaneous temperature variation of the soil layers and natural gas hydrate reservoirs with respect to the variation of depth and time.
- North America > United States (1.00)
- Asia > China (1.00)
- Europe > Norway > Norwegian Sea (0.25)
- Geology > Geological Subdiscipline > Geomechanics (1.00)
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock > Clastic Rock > Mudrock > Shale (0.79)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Government > Regional Government > North America Government > United States Government (0.46)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Characterization (1.00)
- Well Drilling > Wellbore Design > Wellbore integrity (0.66)
- Production and Well Operations > Well & Reservoir Surveillance and Monitoring > Production logging (0.47)
Investigation of Carbonate Rock Thermal Conductivity as a Function of Temperature, Porosity and Fluid Saturation Using a Comparative Approach
Madani, Seyed Ali (Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, AB Canada) | Fayazi, Amir (Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, AB Canada / PERM Inc. TIPM Laboratory, AB, Canada) | Shor, Roman (Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, AB Canada) | Kantzas, Apostolos (Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, AB Canada / PERM Inc. TIPM Laboratory, AB, Canada)
Abstract Carbonate rocks are common formations in hydrocarbon reservoirs, and thermal recovery methods are often employed to enhance production. The success of a thermal project is highly dependent on comprehensive knowledge about the thermal behavior of any involved component. Consequently, the availability of reliable and accurate thermal property data, such as thermal conductivity, improves optimization and operation procedures in these types of operations. Measurement of thermal conductivity of carbonate rock has been a matter of extended research, yet different techniques result in different measurements and the understanding of the effect of elevated temperatures is limited. Prior researchers used transient approaches in the thermal conductivity measurements, which resulted in poor accuracy, despite having low measurement time. Moreover, the thermal conductivity of the saturated carbonate samples has not been investigated, as the existing research mainly focused on dry samples. In this study, first, thermal conductivity is measured of five different carbonate samples with a wide range of effective porosity (from 5 to more than 30 %) using a steady-state approach within a wide range of temperatures (from 40 to 150 ˚C). Then the same procedure was repeated for saturated samples to investigate the effect of saturation in different porosity and temperatures on the thermal conductivity trend and values. Results showed that in the dry samples, there is a downward trend for the thermal conductivity of all five samples as the temperature increased. For samples at similar temperatures, as the porosity of the sample increased, an increase was observed in the thermal conductivity values in dry cases, and for the porosity values above a certain value, it started to go down as we expected, and it was interpreted as the effect of mineralogy which is another crucial parameter beside the porosity in the ultimate thermal conductivity value of a porous medium. We measured effective porosity; however, the total porosity of the sample plays a much more important role in the heat transfer along the sample, and the relationship between these two porosities depends on the samples’ pore connectivity. Thermal conductivity measurement for the saturated cases carried out by a modification in the setup. Results showed a similar trend as the temperature was increased and the values were higher compared to corresponding dry sample which revealed the incapability of averaging methods as a generalized approach for saturated rock sample thermal conductivity prediction.
- North America > Canada (0.29)
- Asia > Middle East > Turkey (0.29)
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock > Carbonate Rock (1.00)
- Geology > Geological Subdiscipline (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Formation Evaluation & Management (1.00)
- Production and Well Operations > Well & Reservoir Surveillance and Monitoring > Production logging (1.00)
Supercritical Fluid Flow in Pipelines - A Dense Phase Case Study
Ghasvari-Jahromi, Hamed (Vanmok Leak Detection Technologies) | Ekram, Fatemeh (Vanmok Leak Detection Technologies) | Deng, Chuntao (Keyera Corporation) | Knudson, Jim (Keyera Corporation) | Mokamati, Satya (Vanmok Leak Detection Technologies)
Abstract There is a discontinuity in the tabulated thermodynamic properties as the fluid is going across the critical point. In this paper, utilizing regularization techniques, correlations are established to continuously determine fluid properties during the transition through the critical point and into the supercritical region. An augmented model for the dense phase is proposed by integrating our derived correlations into the conservation equations. The implementation of the augmented model is presented for a pipe network carrying ethane. The performance improvements that the proposed correlations when used in the augmented model can offer to CPM-based leak detection algorithms are discussed in detail. A novel equation describing the limit behavior of the adiabatic heat index at the supercritical point is introduced, resulting in an updated correlation for maximum flow rate at choked conditions. The values from a certain hole size are obtained theoretically from the presented equations for a case study of NGL and condensate transmission pipeline rupture incident. An attempt is made to improve the sensitivity of leak detection systems, which is the minimum detectable hole sizes, with and without the regularized correlations presented in this paper. The minimum theoretical sizes of detection for a given model are estimated.
Abstract This paper presents a novel approach to calculate pressure and temperature profile in a pipe. An implicit formulation is implemented in this model using a combined system of the three conservation equations (mass, momentum, and energy), and using the change of enthalpy and pressure to calculate the change of temperature. The derivation of the equations for temperature and pressure profile calculation uses the traditional approach of applying the mass, momentum and energy balance equations to a control volume of the pipe. For a pipe, usually the pressure and temperature values at one end are known. Due to the non-linearity of balance equation, an iterative process is required to calculate the values at the other end of the pipe. In the model proposed in this paper the system of equations was arranged in a matrix and vector form, all pressure and temperature for all the nodes are calculated in one calculation step, different from the traditional approach. The proposed model is used with both Black oil table correlations and a fully compositional model for calculating P-T profiles. It can be applied over the entire inclination angle range from horizontal to vertical. Conventionally, marching algorithm is used to calculate pressure from first cell to second cell until the end of the pipe is reached. The final form of energy balance is expressed in terms of enthalpy; therefore, P-H flash is used to calculate temperature profile. The calculation process is faster as all of it is done in one step and more accurate than the traditional approach. Traditionally the coupling of the mechanical energy and heat balance equation, uses a marching algorithm to determine pressure and temperature profile in a pipe, using a nested pair of loops, usually the external one for temperature and an internal for pressure. The proposed method applies a novel matrix formulation using a vectorized procedure to determine simultaneously pressure and temperature using their natural connection the enthalpy through the balance equations. This method aims to determine pressure-temperature profiles in a fast and accurate way. Vector and matrices approach is a tool that improves the performance of a code and utilizing it for pipeline calculation is unique, it opens a door for also coupling with reservoir simulators in an integrated approach. Since most flow assurance problems i.e. paraffin, hydrate are related to pressure and temperature dependent, the proper calculation of the P-T profile is a must. The proposed model provides a fast and precise calculation organizing the problem in a structured manner.
Abstract Every injection and production operation are accompanied by heat transfer between the wellbore fluids and the formation. Often these fluids are only circulated inside the wellbore. However, the presence of microannulus, besides compromising wellbore integrity, could have a negative impact on the rate of heat transfer to and from the formation. Thermal conductivity could be critical in CO2 sequestration, thermal EOR and specially closed-loop geothermal wells. This study aims to evaluate the impact of microannulus on the heat exchange rate at the bottomhole by combining numerical results and field measurements. We propose to identify presence of microannulus by analyzing distributed temperature sensing (DTS) measurements acquired at different times from EOR and closed-loop geothermal wells. In a DTS system, temperatures are recorded continuously along an optical sensor cable placed in the wellbore. The analysis is combined with numerical simulations considering different operational conditions to estimate the severity of the microannulus. In extreme cases, the presence of microannulus was found to decrease the bottomhole temperature in 2.5%. The results also highlight the importance of proper cementing design to ensure wellbore integrity and avoid heat loss.
Abstract This paper presents a novel methodology for estimating an inflow profile in horizontal, hydraulically fractured wells. The methodology is based on the Péclet number theory applied to thermal flows in porous media. In the context of heat transfer, the Péclet number is defined as the ratio of heat transfer by convection to heat transfer by conduction and when applied to porous media the Péclet number provides a relationship between a temperature change and permeability. This concept will be applied to estimate the fracture permeability values based on the observed temperature change at each cluster along the lateral. Simulations of a horizontal, hydraulically fractured well are performed for a range of fracture permeabilities. From these simulations a relationship is developed between the temperature change at the sandface of each fracture and the fracture permeability. Using this relationship, or type curve, the permeability for each fracture is determined based on the observed temperature change at the fracture sandface. The observed temperatures normally are measured from distributed temperature sensing (DTS) fiber optic cable. A field example will be presented to illustrate the methodology in which temperatures were measured with DTS fiber optic cable placed on the outside of the production casing. Fracture permeability is the only adjustable parameter considered in this paper. This approach is computationally less intensive than most regression-based approaches. Introduction The analysis of bottom-hole temperatures is increasingly being used in both production and stimulation operations. This is in recognition that temperatures contain information about the completion and reservoir. Analysis of bottom-hole flowing temperatures for a production well can provide estimates of layer flow rates, reservoir permeability, and possibly skin (Duru and Horne, 2011; Sui et al., 2008). In the case of hydraulically fractured, vertical completions, the estimation of fracture half-length, the fracture vertical extent and the proppant loading within the fracture can be inferred from the measurement and analysis of bottom-hole injection temperatures (Hoang et al., 2012; Wang and Bussear, 2011; Sierra et al., 2008). Additionally, the estimation of fracture fluid placement and the number of effective clusters can be determined from injection flowing bottom-hole temperatures in hydraulically fractured wells.
- Well Completion > Hydraulic Fracturing (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Fluid Dynamics > Flow in porous media (1.00)
- Production and Well Operations > Well & Reservoir Surveillance and Monitoring > Production logging (1.00)
The following tables identify the preferred SI/metric units, along with conversion factors from customary units.Nomenclature for these tables Absorbed dose Gy rad Gy 1.0* E 02 In 1959, a small refinement was made in the definition of the yard to resolve discrepancies both in this country and abroad, which changed its length from 3600/3937 m to 0.9144 m exactly. This resulted in the new value being shorter by two parts in a million. At the same time, it was decided that any data in feet derived from and published as a result of geodetic surveys within the U.S. would remain with the old standard (1 ft 1200/3937 m) until further decision. This foot is named the U.S. survey foot. As a result, all U.S. land measurements in U.S. customary units will relate to the meter by the old standard. All the conversion factors in these tables for units referenced to this footnote are based on the U.S. survey foot, rather than the international foot.
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Formation Evaluation & Management (0.93)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Characterization (0.68)
- Well Drilling > Drilling Fluids and Materials (0.68)
- Production and Well Operations > Well & Reservoir Surveillance and Monitoring > Production logging (0.47)
- Information Technology > Knowledge Management (0.40)
- Information Technology > Communications > Collaboration (0.40)
While most types of logs are used to characterize the wellbore, formation, and fluids prior to well completion, a number of logging tools are available to provide information during production operations and beyond. The temperature-logging tool includes a cage, which is open to the wellbore fluid, at the tool's bottom end. Inside the cage is a thermistor that senses the surrounding fluid temperature. The preferred sensor is a platinum element because the electrical resistance of the sensor varies linearly with temperature over a wide range and is stable over time. The circuitry of the tool is designed so that the voltage across the sensor is proportional to the sensor's electrical resistance.
- Production and Well Operations > Well & Reservoir Surveillance and Monitoring > Production logging (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Formation Evaluation & Management (0.97)
- Information Technology > Knowledge Management (0.43)
- Information Technology > Communications > Collaboration (0.43)
The temperature-logging tool includes a cage, which is open to the wellbore fluid, at the tool's bottom end. Inside the cage is a thermistor that senses the surrounding fluid temperature. The preferred sensor is a platinum element because the electrical resistance of the sensor varies linearly with temperature over a wide range and is stable over time. The circuitry of the tool is designed so that the voltage across the sensor is proportional to the sensor's electrical resistance. In analog recording, the transmitted spikes per minute are converted to a voltage by a counting circuit.
- Well Completion (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Formation Evaluation & Management (1.00)
- Production and Well Operations > Well & Reservoir Surveillance and Monitoring > Production logging (1.00)
- Information Technology > Knowledge Management (0.40)
- Information Technology > Communications > Collaboration (0.40)
We describe a new field procedure for stop-go temperature logging of boreholes that attains millikelvin precision. Temperature is recorded continuously throughout the entire log, but the logging probe is held stationary for a fixed time at discrete depth intervals. Equilibrium temperatures at the discrete depths are based on extrapolations of time series using the heat-diffusion theory for an infinitely long cylinder. For a Fenwahl K212E thermistor probe having a time constant of about , temperatures are still away from equilibrium after a wait time of ; but temperatures extrapolated from the time series are within of equilibrium. A time series over a duration of seven time constants of the probe allows the user to reproduce temperature estimates within millikelvins. The technique was applied at GC-1, a borehole in northwestern Utah.
- Geology > Geological Subdiscipline (0.68)
- Geology > Structural Geology > Tectonics (0.46)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Formation Evaluation & Management (1.00)
- Production and Well Operations > Well & Reservoir Surveillance and Monitoring > Production logging (1.00)
- Data Science & Engineering Analytics > Information Management and Systems (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Characterization (0.97)