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Collaborating Authors
Results
Impact of Salinity and Temperature on Wormhole Generation Due to CO2 Sequestration
Aldhafeeri, Abdullah (King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals) | Mirzayev, Elvin (King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals) | Aljawad, Murtada Saleh (King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals) | Al-Ramadan, Mustafa (King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals) | Ibrahim, Ahmed Farid (King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals) | Al-Yousef, Zuhair (Saudi Aramco) | Almajid, Muhammad M. (Saudi Aramco) | Al-Ramadhan, Ammar Mohamad (King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals) | Al-Yaseri, Ahmed (King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals)
Abstract Deep saline aquifers are good candidates for carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration. The reaction between the CO2 gas and the saline water aquifer creates carbonic acid (live brine) that reacst with the formation rock to generate wormholes. As a result, the rock mechanical properties will be altered. The goal of this study is to understand the impact of salinity and temperature on creating wormholes due to live brine injection. Limestone core samples (1.5 × 3 inches) with a permeability of 2 – 4 mD and 15-17% porosity values were selected to perform the study. Coreflooding experiments were performed, after which the samples were scanned to observe the wormhole generation and the change in the pore structure. Carbon dioxide was mixed at 2,000 psi with a ratio of 30% CO2 to 70% brine to formulate a live brine. The live brine was injected into the rock samples at different temperatures (35 °C, 60 °C, 85 °C). Also, CO2 was mixed in the brine width with different salts concentrations (40,000 ppm, 120,000 ppm, 200,000 ppm), which were then injected into the rock samples to test the impact of salinity. The mechanical properties of the samples before and after wormhole generation were studied using impulse hammer and acoustics. The injection of the live brine generated wormholes in all low-permeability rock samples. Due to the wormhole's generation, the rock samples' porosity and permeability increased significantly. The time to generate the wormholes has a positive relationship with the salinity and temperature. For instance, it took around 5.5 hrs of live brine injection at 1 cc/min to create a wormhole at 35 °C, while it took more than 10 hrs at 85 °C. Similarly, it took only 3 hrs to generate womrhole in the low salinity samples while double the time for the high salinity ones. This research's novelty stems from its application to CO2 sequestration by investigating the salinity and temperature of saline aquifers. These two parameters are significant ones that distinguish aquifers. This is the first study to understand the impact of salinity and temperature on wormhole generation due to CO2 sequestration.
- North America > United States (0.46)
- Europe (0.29)
- Geology > Geological Subdiscipline (1.00)
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock > Carbonate Rock (0.52)
- Europe > Norway > North Sea > Central North Sea > South Viking Graben > PL 046 > Utsira Formation (0.99)
- Europe > United Kingdom > North Sea > Central North Sea > Egersund Basin > PL 038 > Sleipner Formation (0.93)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Storage Reservoir Engineering > CO2 capture and sequestration (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Characterization > Exploration, development, structural geology (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Improved and Enhanced Recovery (1.00)
Effect of Temperature on the Mechanical Behavior and Acoustic Emission Characteristics of a Rock – Like Material
Fernández, Lucía Conde (School of Mining, Energy and Materials Engineering, University of Oviedo, Spain) | Ibáñez, Víctor Martínez (School of Civil Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain) | Fernández, Martina Inmaculada Álvarez (School of Mining, Energy and Materials Engineering, University of Oviedo, Spain) | de la Torre, María Elvira Garrido (School of Civil Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain) | Nicieza, Celestino González (School of Mining, Energy and Materials Engineering, University of Oviedo, Spain) | Signes, Carlos Hidalgo (School of Civil Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain)
ABSTRACT: Acoustic Emission (AE) is a non – destructive testing technique that allows the recording of the elastic waves released during crack propagation when materials are subjected to different stresses. Most of the current research evaluates AE characteristics related to mechanically stressed materials. However, there are hardly any references to studies that target how thermal or thermos – mechanical stresses influence AE recordings. Consequently, an experimental campaign has been designed to characterize high–strength mortar specimens, subjected to different temperatures while performing simple compression tests and monitoring the AE. The research has allowed obtaining interesting results in line with the objectives set for this study. Thus, it has been possible to establish that: 1) temperature affects the simple compressive strength of the material studied, 2) the recording of AE associated with thermal stresses is possible and 3) the combination of thermal and mechanical stresses increases the recording of AE parameters. INTRODUCTION Acoustic emission (AE) is a non-destructive technique that allows the monitoring of the elastic waves generated during crack propagation in materials subjected to different stresses. Its main interest lies in the fact that it enables continuous monitoring of the tensional state of the material (Boniface et al., 2020). Currently, this technique is acquiring great relevance in the field of engineering, especially for the characterization of materials, such as mortars, concretes or rocks, subjected to mechanical stresses (Verstrynge et al., 2021). Thus, the analysis of the different parameters of the AE waves allows to differentiate the moments of greatest plastic deformation, to understand the fracture process and to evaluate the general state of the material at each moment (D. G. Aggelis et al., 2013). The mechanical stresses to which materials are subjected are important in assessing the safety and failure mechanisms of structures. However, so are thermal stresses, generated by fires, thermal gradients, or other phenomena, since they also affect the mechanical properties of materials (Yanjie et al., 2022). Despite this, only some research which focused on how temperature affects damage evolution in materials such as rocks (Zhang et al., 2020) has been found.
Modeling of Soil Temperature as a Function of Depth and the Influence of Temperature Change in Marine Environment
Hervé, Ndaye Mudumbi (College of Safety and Ocean Engineering, China University of Petroleum Beijing / College of Oil, Gas and Renewable Energies, University of Kinshasa) | Duan, Menglan (College of Safety and Ocean Engineering, China University of Petroleum Beijing / Instutite for Ocean Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University) | Onuoha, Mac Darlington Uche (College of Safety and Ocean Engineering, China University of Petroleum Beijing) | Bavon, Diemu Tshiband (College of Oil, Gas and Renewable Energies, University of Kinshasa)
ABSTRACT Changes in the physical state of fluid caused by the temperature in saturated soil is an important thermodynamic phenomenon affecting soil and shallow hydrate reservoirs. During the fluid-soil interaction, once the shale formation is flooded, the compressive strength of the mud-shale decreases rapidly with the increase of water content, and the creep rate increases significantly with the increase of water content. In the proposed approach, a fluid-soil interaction experiment was developed and, a thermo-mechanical numerical model for the transient and instantaneous heat transfer process was developed in ABAQUS which is used to predict the soil temperature and fluid state variation. INTRODUCTION The dynamic change of liquid state from water to ice caused by solar radiation and air temperature variations and heat transfer affects the physical composition of the soil (Sun et al., 2019; Janna, 2009), and the stability of structures in polar and cold regions (Li et al., 2009). Several authors (Poudel et al., 2012; Farouki, 1981; Taylor and Luthin,1976; Noor, 2023) have studied the influence of low ground temperatures on shallow soil layers. By analyzing the calculation model of the annual temperature variation according to the variation of depths, and the number of days of the year proposed by Hillel (1980), this model can be considered as a purely thermal model taking into account only the depth, conductivity, and heat capacity of the soil. Firstly, as part of this study, it is considered that the model of soil temperature variations is instantaneous (considering that the temperature can change at any time of the day), which differs from the thermal model of Hillel's, which based only on annual (considering that the temperature remains constant throughout the day) and thermal. In contrast to the analytical results of the method proposed by Hillel, the proposed numerical model in this study has the following thermo-mechanical parameters of the soil: density, Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, height, thickness, and specific heat capacity. These parameters will provide a better prediction of the instantaneous temperature variation of the soil layers and natural gas hydrate reservoirs with respect to the variation of depth and time.
- North America > United States (1.00)
- Asia > China (1.00)
- Europe > Norway > Norwegian Sea (0.25)
- Geology > Geological Subdiscipline > Geomechanics (1.00)
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock > Clastic Rock > Mudrock > Shale (0.79)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Government > Regional Government > North America Government > United States Government (0.46)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Characterization (1.00)
- Well Drilling > Wellbore Design > Wellbore integrity (0.66)
- Production and Well Operations > Well & Reservoir Surveillance and Monitoring > Production logging (0.47)
Geophysical properties do not directly relate to engineering properties! From the modified Archie's equation, the resistivity of soil mainly indicates the soil type. S-wave velocity is mainly affected by the stiffness or porosity. The safety of levees can be evaluated by the S-wave velocity and resistivity. Using the Integrated Geophysical Method (including geophysics, borehole data, and levee maintenance records), we could identify 5km the damaged sections from a very long levee.
- North America > Canada (0.69)
- North America > United States > California (0.29)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Government (0.94)
Conductivity Enhancement of Fractured Carbonates through High-Temperature Diammonium Hydrogen Phosphate Consolidation: A Preliminary Study
Samarkin, Yevgeniy (Department of Petroleum Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals) | Amao, Abduljamiu (Center for Integrative Petroleum Research, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals) | Aljawad, Murtada Saleh (Department of Petroleum Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals) | Solling, Theis (Center for Integrative Petroleum Research, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (Corresponding author)) | Al-Ramadan, Khalid (Center for Integrative Petroleum Research, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals) | AlTammar, Murtadha J. (Center for Integrative Petroleum Research, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals) | Alruwaili, Khalid M. (EXPECR Advanced Research Center, Saudi Aramco)
Summary In well stimulation operations, the ability to sustain long-term conductivity of hydraulic/acid fractures defines an efficient and effective hydrocarbon production operation. However, it is challenging to keep the fracture conductive in the soft and weak carbonate formations due to many challenges. For example, the plastic deformation of rocks causes proppant embedment or asperities failure, resulting in fracture conductivity reduction. Consolidating chemicals, particularly diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAP), have shown to be effective in rock consolidation and could reduce the decline in fracture conductivity if applied to carbonate formations. The previous research tested DAP at ambient conditions, whereas this work involves studying the hardening properties of DAP at reservoir conditions. The solutions with two initial concentrations (1 and 0.8 M) were tested at 77°F (ambient), 122°F, and 176°F. Furthermore, a post-treatment analysis was conducted to compare the performance of the chemical under different conditions. The analysis included understanding the changes in carbonate rocks’ (limestone and chalk) hardness (impulse hammer test and indentation test), porosity (helium porosimeter), permeability (steady-state and unsteady state nitrogen injection), and mineralogy [X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)]. Results demonstrated that both rock lithologies reacted efficiently with the DAP solution, presented in terms of the noticeable improvements in their hardness. The elevated temperatures positively affected rock hardness, leading to a more than 100% increase in hardness for most samples. After obtaining successful results from experiments at various temperatures, the pilot American Petroleum Institute (API) conductivity experiments were conducted, testing the conductivity sustenance through the rock hardening concept. Preliminary API conductivity experiments have demonstrated that treated rock samples with DAP provided higher conductivity values than the untreated samples at high stresses. The results shown in this study provide a good foundation for further studies on the implementation of DAP in actual acid/hydraulic fracturing field operations.
- North America > United States (1.00)
- Europe (1.00)
- Asia > Middle East > Saudi Arabia (0.67)
- Research Report > New Finding (1.00)
- Research Report > Experimental Study (1.00)
- Geology > Mineral (1.00)
- Geology > Geological Subdiscipline > Geomechanics (1.00)
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock > Carbonate Rock (0.89)
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock > Clastic Rock (0.68)
- Well Completion > Hydraulic Fracturing (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Unconventional and Complex Reservoirs > Carbonate reservoirs (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Characterization > Exploration, development, structural geology (1.00)
Experimental Investigation on the Evolution of Rock Mechanical Properties Subjected to the Joint Action of In-Situ Stress and Temperature
Liu, Bin (Chuanqing Drilling Engineering Co., Ltd. Drilling Engineering Technology Research Institute) | Dong, Shiming (Chuanqing Drilling Engineering Co., Ltd. Drilling Engineering Technology Research Institute) | Guan, Yang (Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu)
Abstract The determination of rock mechanics properties and drillability are significant for the prediction of the rate of penetration (ROP) in drilling into complex formations. Previous studies indicate that these properties can be strongly correlated with formation conditions, e. g. temperature, and in-situ stress. However, these two parameters are hard to be considered simultaneously due to the limitation of the experimental apparatus. To address such an issue, rock samples are collected from the eastern Sichuan Basin, mainly including the sandstone located in the formations of Shaximiao Bottom, Ziliujing. and Xujiahe. A series of tests are conducted to investigate the evolution of rock mechanical properties subjected to the joint action of temperature and in-situ stress based on a self-developed experimental setup. The results indicate that the rock strength under in-situ conditions is 2~3 times higher than that determined under atmospheric conditions. The plasticity and volumetric strain of rocks increases as well, which is accompanied by the transition of rock failure modes from volumetric failure to abrasive rock-breaking. Meanwhile, the variation of drillability under different formation conditions shows that rock failure characteristics change significantly. The average ROP of rocks in the Shaximiao Bottom Formation, Ziliujing Formation, and Xujiahe Formation under in-situ conditions decrease by 45.12%, 61.19%, and 43.82% respectively, leading to an increase in the drillability of rocks. Compared with in-situ stress, the increase in temperature has few effects on rock strength and drillability. This study provides an in-depth understanding of the evolution of rock properties under different formation conditions, which is of great significance for optimizing drilling parameters and improving drilling efficiency in hard-to-drill formations.
- Geology > Geological Subdiscipline > Geomechanics (1.00)
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock > Clastic Rock > Sandstone (0.36)
- Well Drilling > Wellbore Design (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Characterization > Reservoir geomechanics (1.00)
Creep Tests on Salt Samples Performed at Very Small Stresses
Bérest, P. (LMS, Ecole Polytechnique) | Gharbi, H. (LMS, Ecole Polytechnique) | Jehanno, D. (LMS, Ecole Polytechnique) | Peach, C. J. (Utrecht University) | Brouard, B. (Brouard Consulting) | Blanco-Martin, L. (Mines ParisTech, PSL University)
ABSTRACT: From 1996 to 2021, uniaxial creep tests were performed on salt samples in dead-end drifts of the Varangéville (France) and Altaussee (Austria) mines to take advantage of constant temperature and hygrometry. The applied loads were from 0.05 MPa (relative) to 4.5 MPa, i.e., much smaller than the loads currently applied during standard creep tests performed at the laboratory. Main conclusions are: (1) Steady state is reached after a long period (longer than 8 months). (2) Cumulated transient creep is relatively large (3) Strain rates are faster (than extrapolated from high stresses) by 4-5 orders of magnitude (4) Steady state strain rate is a linear function of the applied stress (approximately) in the σ < 3 MPa domain (5) Strain rate is a decreasing function of grain size (6) The transition between the linear (n = 1) and the non-linear (n = 3 to 5) behavior seems to range between 3 MPa and 4.5 MPa (7) No creep is observed in a very dry environment (8) No threshold for salt creep (or smaller than 0.05 MPa) is observed (9) In the small stress domain, reverse creep is observed. 1. INTRODUCTION It has been suspected for long (Spiers et al., 1990; Urai and Spiers, 2007) that, in the small deviatoric stress domain (σ < 3 MPa), the governing mechanism for salt creep was pressure solution — rather than dislocation creep. A consequence should be that creep rate in this domain is much faster - by several orders of magnitude - than extrapolated from tests performed in the high stress domain. In addition, creep rate should be a decreasing function of grain size; it should be a linear function of the applied stress, and the presence of a small amount of brine at the grains interface should be a necessary condition for active creep. These statements were based on theoretical arguments, geological evidence and the results of tests performed on artificial salt.
- Europe (1.00)
- North America > United States > South Dakota (0.28)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Characterization > Reservoir geomechanics (0.69)
- Well Drilling > Drillstring Design > Drill pipe selection (0.56)
Influence of Mechanical Deformation and Mineral Dissolution/precipitation on Reservoir Thermal Energy Storage
Jin, W. (Energy and Environment Science & Technology Directorate, Idaho National Laboratory) | Atkinson, T. (Energy and Environment Science & Technology Directorate, Idaho National Laboratory) | Neupane, G. (Energy and Environment Science & Technology Directorate, Idaho National Laboratory) | McLing, T. (Energy and Environment Science & Technology Directorate, Idaho National Laboratory) | Doughty, C. (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory) | Spycher, N. (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory) | Dobson, P. (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory) | Smith, R. (University of Idaho)
ABSTRACT: Reservoir thermal energy storage (RTES) is a promising technology to balance the mismatch between energy supply and demand. In particular, high temperature (HT) RTES can stabilize the grid with increasing penetration of renewable energy generation. This paper presents the investigation of the mechanical deformation and chemical reaction influences on the performance of HT-ATES for the Lower Tuscaloosa site. Thermo-hydraulic (TH), thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM), and thermo-hydro-chemical (THC) coupled simulations were performed with different operational modes and injection rates for a fixed five-spot well configuration and a seasonal cycle. The results show that (1) geomechanical-induced porosity change is mainly contributed by effective stress change, and the porosity change is distributed through the whole system; (2) geochemistry-induced porosity change is located near the hot well, and its change is one order of magnitude higher than the geomechanical effect; (3) both the operation mode and the injection rate have a huge influence on the RTES performance and lower injection rate with push-pull operation mode has the best performance with recovery factor around 70% for this RTES system. These results shed light on the deployment of HT-RTES in the US and around the world. 1 INTRODUCTION The concept of reservoir thermal energy storage (RTES), also known as geological thermal energy storage (GeoTES) or aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES), to mitigate the mismatch between energy supply and demand has been applied around the world since the 1960s with mixed success. Given its nearly unlimited storage capacity and easy accessibility, RTES has the potential to become an indispensable component to achieve the goal of carbon-neutral energy. Most successful deployments of RTES are operated at low temperatures (LT) (< 25°C), mainly to heat buildings by storing excess thermal energy during the low-use periods (summer) and recovering it during peak energy demand periods (winter). As reviewed by Fleuchaus et al. (2018), there are currently more than 2800 RTES systems worldwide, and 99% are LT-RTES. However, only high-temperature (HT) RTES has the capacity to serve as an earth battery for stabilizing the grid as indicated in McLing et al. (2019). The research and development of HT-RTES have mainly focused on site suitability studies and performance optimization by only considering fluid flow and heat transfer. For example, Schout et al. (2014) extended the widely adopted Rayleigh number - recovery factor relationship for identifying site suitability of LT-RTES systems (Gutierrez-Neri et al., 2011) to HT-RTES systems. Sheldon et al. (2021) further improved the Rayleigh number relationship to consider daily cycles for HT-RTES systems. In addition to recovery factor, the performance metrics of HT-RTES include storage capacity, operational duration, etc. Jin et al. (2021, 2022) performed stochastic thermo-hydraulic simulations and used a machine learning algorithm to directly correlate formation parameters and operational conditions with multiple HT-RTES performance metrics using the simulated big data. All these investigations can facilitate the deployment of HT-RTES. However, geomechanical response and geochemical reactions involved during the operation of a HT-RTES system can potentially induce risks as identified by Fleuchaus et al. (2020), and their effects on HT-RTES performance have not been systematically reported.
- Energy > Renewable > Geothermal (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Characterization > Reservoir geomechanics (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Non-Traditional Resources > Geothermal resources (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Improved and Enhanced Recovery (1.00)
- (4 more...)
Static and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Rock at Elevated Temperature
Mitra, A. (MetaRock Laboratories) | Djordjevic, O. (Ovintiv) | Thombare, A. (MetaRock Laboratories) | Govindarajan, S. (MetaRock Laboratories) | Gokaraju, D. (MetaRock Laboratories) | Aldin, M. (MetaRock Laboratories) | Patterson, R. (MetaRock Laboratories) | Simone, A. (University of Houston)
ABSTRACT: Knowledge of mechanical properties of subsurface at elevated temperature is crucial to understand a range of processes in the earth’s crust and in building geomechanical models to assist in operating geothermal systems, nuclear waste repository, CO2 sequestration and hydrocarbon extraction. Although there exists sufficient literature reporting measurement of static mechanical properties on a range of rock types at elevated temperature, reported values for ultrasonic velocities are extremely limited. This in turn presents a challenge for the dynamic-to-static conversion of mechanical properties, a pivotal step in building geomechanical model. This paper presents the results of a laboratory study utilizing Berea and Upper Gray Berea sandstone and mudstone samples from a producing US reservoir at 75°C. A decrease in both P and S wave velocity with temperature is observed in a Berea sample. A decrease in static Young’s modulus is observed in mudstone samples from two clay-rich reservoir intervals with one of the reservoir intervals demonstrating significant static and dynamic anisotropy. Additionally, the samples from both intervals mimicked the response of Berea for dynamic mechanical properties under constant hydrostatic stress. This study is intended to provide better representative inputs for improving the accuracy of subsurface characterization and geomechanical models for aforementioned applications. 1. INTRODUCTION The knowledge of mechanical properties of rock at elevated temperature is crucial to understand and model a number of processes in the earth’s crust (Heuze, 1983). Such information also adds value in designing high-level nuclear waste disposal (Klett, 1974). In the oilfields, high-temperature operating environment is frequently encountered in deepwater operations (DeBruijn, 2008) and heavy oil reservoirs (Curtis, 2002). Chen and Ewy (2005), for example, observed that heating the wellbore increases both the collapse and fracture pressure gradient. For geothermal energy recovery, high temperature is a common challenge for drilling (Meng et al., 2019). Finally, for CCUS, CO2 need to be injected beyond a certain temperature to ensure supercritical condition. All of these requires a deep understanding of mechanical properties of rock at elevated temperature.
- North America > United States > Texas (0.31)
- North America > United States > New Mexico (0.28)
- North America > United States > West Virginia (0.25)
- (3 more...)
- Geology > Geological Subdiscipline > Geomechanics (1.00)
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock > Clastic Rock > Mudrock > Shale (0.33)
- Oceania > Australia > Western Australia > North West Shelf > Roebuck Basin > Bedout Basin > Milne Sandstone Formation (0.98)
- Oceania > Australia > Western Australia > North West Shelf > Roebuck Basin > Bedout Basin > Baxter Sandstone Formation (0.98)
- Well Drilling > Wellbore Design > Wellbore integrity (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Characterization > Reservoir geomechanics (1.00)
The following tables identify the preferred SI/metric units, along with conversion factors from customary units.Nomenclature for these tables Absorbed dose Gy rad Gy 1.0* E 02 In 1959, a small refinement was made in the definition of the yard to resolve discrepancies both in this country and abroad, which changed its length from 3600/3937 m to 0.9144 m exactly. This resulted in the new value being shorter by two parts in a million. At the same time, it was decided that any data in feet derived from and published as a result of geodetic surveys within the U.S. would remain with the old standard (1 ft 1200/3937 m) until further decision. This foot is named the U.S. survey foot. As a result, all U.S. land measurements in U.S. customary units will relate to the meter by the old standard. All the conversion factors in these tables for units referenced to this footnote are based on the U.S. survey foot, rather than the international foot.
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Formation Evaluation & Management (0.93)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Characterization (0.68)
- Well Drilling > Drilling Fluids and Materials (0.68)
- Production and Well Operations > Well & Reservoir Surveillance and Monitoring > Production logging (0.47)
- Information Technology > Knowledge Management (0.40)
- Information Technology > Communications > Collaboration (0.40)