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Any reservoir simulator consists of n m equations for each of N active gridblocks comprising the reservoir. These equations represent conservation of mass of each ofn components in each gridblock over a timestep ฮt from tn to tn 1 . The firstn (primary) equations simply express conservation of mass for each of n components such as oil, gas, methane, CO2, and water, denoted by subscript I 1,2,โฆ,n. In the thermal case, one of the "components" is energy and its equation expresses conservation of energy. An additional m (secondary or constraint) equations express constraints such as equal fugacities of each component in all phases where it is present, and the volume balanceSw So Sg Ssolid 1.0, whereS solid represents any immobile phase such as precipitated solid salt or coke. There must be n m variables (unknowns) corresponding to these n m equations. For example, consider the isothermal, three-phase, compositional case with all components present in all three phases.
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PVT considerations are important in setting up the proper parameters when undergoing reservoir simulation. Phase behavior of a mixture with known composition consists of defining the number of phases, phase amounts, phase compositions, phase properties (molecular weight, density, and viscosity), and the interfacial tension (IFT) between phases. In addition to defining the phase behavior of mixtures at a specific reservoir pressure, knowing the derivatives of all phase properties with respect to pressure and composition is important in reservoir simulation. The calculation of phase behavior in a reservoir model can be made in one of the two following ways: * Using a "black-oil" approach[1][2][3][4][5] based on simple interpolation of PVT properties as a function of pressure * Using a "compositional" approach based on a thermodynamically-consistent model such as a cubicequation of state (EOS).[6][7] With either approach, the PVT quantities required by a reservoir simulator are essentially the same. Modern reservoir simulators[6][1] are usually written with a general compositional formulation, whereas black-oil PVT properties are converted internally to a two-component "compositional" model; the two components are surface gas and surface oil. A reservoir simulator keeps track of overall composition in each computational grid cell as a function of time.
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