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Results
Abstract Geological storage of carbon dioxide has been recognized as one of the most effective options for mitigation of industrial emissions. Deep saline formations, otherwise called saline aquifers, are among the potential sequestration targets. To enhance the confidence regarding some of the key issues, such as site selection, planning, injection itself and long term monitoring of sequestration site, management of uncertainties is an essential step. This paper consists of two main parts. In the first part, CO2 storage in Mt. Simon sandstone in Ohio State, USA, is modeled using two compositional simulators - TOUGH2-ECO2N and CMG-GEM, which results provide an initial assessment for storage capacity of this site and discuss possible safety issues. In the second part, objective is reached using combination of experimental design and response surface methodology. Experimental Design (DOE) is an unbiased, rapid approach for obtaining probabilistic results. The purpose of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is to fit simulation results to a response surface using analytical or numerical functions. In this study, DOE and RS methodologies were jointly applied to investigate the effect of uncertainties of key saline aquifer parameters on long-term CO2 storage in the form of solubility trapping and on the total storage capacity. The selected parameters in this study are: absolute permeability, global porosity, end point saturations, irreducible liquid saturation, temperature, aqueous phase salinity, vertical to horizontal permeability ratio, diffusion coefficient of CO2 in brine and relative depth of perforation interval. Mt. Simon is expected to be a safe, secure CO2 storage formation within selected site due to several factors such as regionally extensive caprock and seals including Eau Claire Formation (Cambrian) and Knox Dolomite (Cambo-Ordovician) and high CO2 storage capacity with favorable reservoir properties. This conclusion is supported by the results of modeling performed using both TOUGH2 and CMG GEM simulators. It is expected that 15–17 Mt of CO2 could be safely injected into Mt. Simon formation during 25 years via one vertical injection well while staying below fracturing pressure. It was demonstrated that combination of DOE and RSM techniques could be successfully applied for research into CO2 sequestration. INTRODUCTION The continuous rising of industrial emissions worldwide at unprecedented scale drives humanity to search for mitigation measures. One of the proposed mitigation measures is sequestration of carbon dioxide. CO2 GS (carbon dioxide geological storage) is one of the most talked about but least understood topics among the populace. CO2 GS involves capturing carbon dioxide from industrial emitters and sequestering it underground, which "sequestration" term defines a permanent safe confinement of gas in underground strata, where it would be injected by using conventional oil and gas industrial practices such as via vertical and/or horizontal injection wells. Canada has the same environmental issues as other developed and developing countries. The problem of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions increase and meeting the Kyoto emission goals is the most critical issue in the Canadian environmental policy development today. All GHG emissions could be categorized into two main components: the emissions caused by the activities of individuals and industries. An underlying principle is that without demand by individuals, the industry would not exist. Total emissions caused by individuals (residential plus transportation sector) accounted roughly for 35% in Canada as of 2004. In an attempt to make a forecast for the future we also should take into consideration the expected growth of the Canadian population to about 50 million in 2050 [1]. The population growth will drive demand for food and energy, goods and services, which, in turn, will cause the significant increase of GHG emissions from this sector.
- North America > United States > Ohio (0.34)
- Asia > Japan > Kansai > Kyoto Prefecture > Kyoto (0.24)
- Geology > Geological Subdiscipline (0.69)
- Geology > Petroleum Play Type (0.66)
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock > Clastic Rock > Sandstone (0.34)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Storage Reservoir Engineering > CO2 capture and sequestration (1.00)
- Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainability > Environment > Climate change (1.00)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Unconventional Production Facilities > CO2 capture and management (1.00)
Natural Gas Hydrate (NGH) Technology for Monetizing Small to Medium Gas Fields and Its Development Status
Takaoki, Tatsuya (Mitsui Engineering and Shipbuilding Co., Ltd.) | Nogami, Tomonori (Mitsui Engineering and Shipbuilding Co., Ltd.) | Watanabe, Shigeru (Mitsui Engineering and Shipbuilding Co., Ltd.) | Nakai, Satoo (Mitsui Engineering and Shipbuilding Co., Ltd.)
Abstract Natural Gas Hydrate (NGH) is a solid material in icy state which is called clathrate compound where natural gas molecule is trapped within a cage composed of water molecule. NGH is able to be stabilized at minus 20 degree Celsius under atmospheric pressure, and this unique characteristic allows for natural gas transportation in bulk solid form and this method leads to reducing the total investment cost for a transportation chain. For this reason, NGH is expected to become a solution for monetizing small to medium gas fields which are considered difficult to be economically developed by liquefied natural gas (LNG). Higher security and eco-friendliness are also the advantage of NGH. Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding Co., Ltd. (MES) has been proceeding with research and development on NGH technology for a decade and completed, this year, a project to demonstrate NGH land transportation jointly implemented with The Chugoku Electric Power CO., Inc. (CEP) under the assistance of a Japanese national institution, New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO). In this project, NGH production plant with 5 ton-per-day (as NGH) capacity was built in LNG-based Power Station of CEP in Yanai City and vaporized LNG was used as feed gas for NGH production. Produced NGH was transported by purpose-built tank trucks to two users' sites located approximately 100km away from Yanai. One is gas engine power generator as simulated industrial user and the other is the facility equipped with home appliances as simulated household user. Through this project, MES has succeeded in demonstrating the world's first operation of the entire land transportation chain including users' consumption in a certain scale, and acquired actual process data necessary for developing process design of the pilot plant with 100 ton-per-day capacity, which is an indispensable step for realizing commercial project based on the plant with 6,000 ton-per-day capacity per train. In this paper, an overview of MES's NGH technology as well as an outline of this world's first demonstration project for the entire land transportation chain is provided and MES's development status towards its commercialization of NGH marine transportation is also shared.
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics (1.00)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Natural Gas Conversion and Storage > Liquified natural gas (LNG) (1.00)
Effects of Cetane Number and Chemical Components on Diesel Emissions and Vehicle Performance
Takahashi, Ko (Japan Petroleum Energy Center) | Sekimoto, Masanori (Japan Petroleum Energy Center) | Watanabe, Hisashi (Japan Petroleum Energy Center) | Saito, Tomohito (Japan Petroleum Energy Center) | Aoki, Ryuji (Japan Petroleum Energy Center) | Sakurai, Yoshihito (Japan Petroleum Energy Center) | Furuse, Takashi (Japan Petroleum Energy Center) | Imai, Shoichi (Japan Petroleum Energy Center)
Abstract Our research objective is to clarify the effect of using diesel fuels made from unconventional petroleum sources (GTL, tar sand, etc.) on the emissions and performance of various regulation-compliant vehicles, focusing on cetane number and cyclic compounds. The results of emission tests showed that improved vehicle technologies such as engine control and aftertreatment devices improved robustness to fuel properties. The emissions from a J-2003 reg.-compliant vehicle (Vehicle A) changed with cetane number and cyclic compounds, whereas the tailpipe emission levels from a J-2005 reg.-compliant vehicle and engine (Vehicle B, Engine C) and from a J-2009 reg.-compliant vehicle (Vehicle D) were very low regardless of fuel properties, when the cetane number was above 45 (minimum value of Japanese Industrial Standard). The results of vehicle performance tests also showed that improved vehicle technologies such as engine controls improved the robustness to fuel properties. When using Vehicle A, white smoke at cold temperature, total hydrocarbons (THC) at engine starting, and accelerating time at normal temperature varied with cetane number and cyclic compounds. The same tendencies for white smoke and THC were observed when using Vehicles B and D, whereas the effects on the accelerating time of Vehicles B and D were small.
- Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainability > Environment > Climate change (0.35)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Unconventional and Complex Reservoirs > Oil sand, oil shale, bitumen (0.35)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Unconventional Production Facilities > Oil sand/shale/bitumen (0.35)
- Management > Energy Economics > Unconventional resource economics (0.34)
Abstract Natural Gas Hydrate (NGH) is a clathrate compound in icy state and stabilized around minus 20 degrees Celsius under atmospheric pressure. This unique characteristic allows for natural gas transportation in bulk solid form, and this method leads to reducing the total investment cost for a transportation chain. For this reason, NGH is expected to become a solution for monetizing small to medium gas fields which are considered difficult to be economically developed by liquefied natural gas (LNG). Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding Co., Ltd. (MES) has been proceeding with research and development on NGH technology for a decade, and this year, completed a project to demonstrate NGH land transportation jointly implemented with The Chugoku Electric Power CO., Inc. (CEP) under financial assistance of a Japanese national institution, New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO). In this project, NGH production plant with 5 ton-per-day capacity (as NGH) was built in Yanai LNG-based Power Station of CEP, and vaporized LNG was used as feed gas for NGH production. Produced NGH was transported by purpose-built tank trucks to two users' sites located approximately 100km away from Yanai. One is a gas engine power generator as simulated industrial user, and the other is a testing facility equipped with home appliances as simulated household user for city gas use. Through this project, MES has succeeded in demonstrating the world's first operation of the entire land transportation chain including users' consumption, and acquired actual process data necessary for developing process design of a pilot plant with 100 ton-per-day capacity, which is an indispensable step for realizing commercial project based on a production plant with 6,000 ton-per-day capacity per train. This paper will provide an outline of this world's first demonstration project for the entire land transportation chain and also MES's development status toward commercialization of NGH marine transportation supply chain. What is NGH? Natural Gas Hydrate (NGH), often referred to as "Fiery Ice," is a chemical compound where natural gas molecule (guest molecule) is being trapped within a cage composed of water molecule (host molecule). This configuration is known as clathrate (Figure 1). Methane, Butane, Propane, Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, Hydrogen Sulfide, etc., can make such clathrate as the guest molecule although the conditions of clathrate formation vary depending on its guest molecule inside. When the guest molecule is mixed gas, it is referred to as NGH. When NGH is discussed, it can be often confused with or referred to as Methane hydrates, existing naturally and discovered under ocean beds and in permafrost regions around the world. Although chemical structure of Methane hydrates is the same as that of NGH, however, NGH is different from Methane hydrates in the sense of being produced artificially. NGH can contain about 160–170 times of natural gas in volume whereas LNG can contain about 600 times of natural gas (Table 1). When the hydrate dissociates, the trapped natural gas inside is released, and dissociated water remains. NGH has a unique feature, so called, "Self Preservation Effect," which enables it to be stabilized around minus 20 degrees Celsius under atmospheric pressure, not requiring cryogenic conditions like LNG. This enhances its easy-handling as a transportation medium.
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Non-Traditional Resources > Gas hydrates (1.00)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Natural Gas Conversion and Storage > Liquified natural gas (LNG) (1.00)
Observational Construction Management by Field Measurement of Large Scale Underground Railway Station by Urban NATM – Railway Bosphorus Tube Crossing, Tunnels and Stations
Otsuka, I. (Taisei Corporation) | Taki, H. (Taisei Corporation) | Aoki, T. (Taisei Corporation) | Shimo, M. (Taisei Corporation) | Kaneko, T. (Taisei Corporation) | Iwano, M. (Taisei Corporation) | Sakurai, S. (Construction Engineering Research Institute Foundation)
ABSTRACT This project is named ‘Marmaray’ which is a coined word combining the sea of Marmara and railway. The Marmaray Project is the upgrading of approximately 76 kilometers of commuter rail to improve the railway system in Istanbul metropolitan area. Railway tracks will be connected between Asia and Europe through a tunnel under the Bosphorus Strait. Tunnels and stations have been and will be constructed by some methods such as immersed tunnel, shield tunnel, mountain tunnel, and cut and cover in 13.6 km length of this project. In this report, it is described that the observational construction management by field measurement is performed in large scale underground railway station (Sirkeci station) by means of NATM.
- Asia > Japan (0.29)
- Asia > Middle East > Turkey > Istanbul Province > Istanbul (0.25)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Facilities and Construction Project Management (0.62)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Characterization > Exploration, development, structural geology (0.30)
Creep Property of Artificial Methane-Hydrate-Bearing Rock
Miyazaki, K. (National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology) | Sakamoto, Y. (National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology) | Aoki, K. (National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology) | Tenma, N. (National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology) | Yamaguchi, T. (Toho University) | Okubo, S. (The University of Tokyo)
ABSTRACT Natural gas hydrate, existing in marine sediments and in permafrost regions worldwide, is anticipated to be a promising energy resource. It is essential to consider the mechanical properties of a gas hydrate reservoir to simulate the geomechanical response to gas extraction from a reservoir. Recently it has been revealed that gas-hydrate-bearing sediments have rock-like mechanical characteristics due to the cementation effect of hydrate between sand particles. However, almost no information is currently available concerning the time-dependent behavior of methane-hydrate-bearing rock, although it is thought to have great significance in the long-term prediction of the mechanical behaviors of the reservoir. In this study, we conducted drained triaxial compression creep tests on artificial methane-hydrate-bearing rock samples. A quantitative comparison of the time-dependent characteristic obtained in the creep tests was made with the stress-rate dependence of the strength in constant-stress-rate tests.
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Characterization (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Non-Traditional Resources > Gas hydrates (1.00)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Flow Assurance > Hydrates (1.00)
Investigation of Indigenous Bacteria in Water-dissolved Natural Gas Fields for Preventing Microbial Clogging of Injection Wells
Wakizono, Ryo (Kyushu University) | Sugai, Yuichi (Kyushu University) | Sasaki, Kyuro (Kyushu University) | Higuchi, Yasunori (Godo Shigen Sangyo Co., Ltd.) | Muraoka, Noriyuki (Godo Shigen Sangyo Co., Ltd.)
Abstract The brine that has been produced from water-dissolved natural gas reservoirs should be returned into reservoirs after the resources have been extracted to prevent the subsidence. However, the re-injectivity of the brine declines gradually; therefore, re-injection wells should be maintained by backwashing treatments. Colloidal materials like biofilms can be observed in solid materials that have been produced by the backwashing from the re-injection wells. Because the brine contains not only dissolved natural gas but also high levels of iodine, the iodine is also extracted from the brine chemically using sulfuric acid and oxidizing agent; therefore, re-injected brine contains sulfate and dissolved oxygen abundantly. These chemicals may stimulate the metabolites of microorganisms that have influences on the clogging; therefore, we considered the influences of these materials on microorganisms that may cause the clogging in this study. Column experiments were carried out using sand and brine that were collected in the gas field. The columns that the brine including indigenous microorganisms, dissolved oxygen and sulfate was injected into were clogged significantly. Iodide-oxidizing bacteria, iron-oxidizing bacteria and sulfate-reducing bacteria were found specifically in clogged columns, suggesting these microorganisms had influences on the clogging. In particular, Iodide-oxidizing bacteria were also found in original brine; therefore, it was assumed to have an important influence on the clogging. Iodide-oxidizing bacteria convert iodide into iodine that corrodes iron in the sand under the presence of dissolved oxygen. Iron (II) ion that has been eluted from the sand is oxidized to iron (III) ion by iron-oxidizing bacteria under the presence of dissolved oxygen. Iron (III) ion forms ferric hydroxide colloid in the brine and it causes the clogging of the porous media. From these mechanisms of the clogging, we can suggest removing dissolved oxygen as the most feasible countermeasures for the clogging.
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Water & Waste Management > Water Management > Constituents > Bacteria (0.85)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Improved and Enhanced Recovery (1.00)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Pipelines, Flowlines and Risers > Materials and corrosion (0.69)
Development of the Ocean-going Underwater Glider With Independently Controllable Main Wings, SOARER
Arima, Masakazu (Department of Marine System Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University Sakai) | Ishii, Kazuo (Department of Brain Science and Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology) | Nassiraei, Amir A.F. (Department of Brain Science and Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology)
ABSTRACT: The authors are planning to realise three-dimensional multipoint and simultaneous measurement of ocean environment by swarm intelligent underwater vehicles. For this purpose, an ocean-going underwater glider with independently controllable main wings was developed and named ‘SOARER’. This paper deals with concept and detailed design of the SOARER glider. INTRODUCTION We are now facing global environmental problems, the energy and food crises. The ocean, which covers over 70% of the earth's surface, has the enormous potential to resolve these problems. In recent years, various kinds of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) are actively involved in the front lines of ocean researches. These underwater vehicles are usually operated alone or in a small group, and thus it is difficult to understand wide area ocean information. On the other hand, thousands of floating buoys such as ‘ARGO float’ are a useful means for the global-scale measurement, but such kind of floating buoy cannot control its measuring sea area. Underwater glider is one of the most useful underwater vehicles. Typical underwater has no propulsive machinery such as thrustor and it has a buoyancy control device and a kind of centre-of-mass shifting device. Arima et al. developed a test bed vehicle of the underwater glider with independently controllable main wings, which can control its angle of incidence of both main wings independently. They demonstrated this enables to realise high performance of motion. The authors are planning to develop an ocean-going underwater glider with independently controllable main wings for the application of widerange and long-term ocean environment monitoring. This paper deals with the concept and detailed design of such an underwater glider. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF UNDERWATER GLIDER Gliding Mechanism of Underwater Glider Underwater glider has the capability to cruise under water by controlling its buoyancy and attitude without any propulsive machinery.
- Asia > Japan (0.69)
- North America > Trinidad and Tobago > Trinidad > Arima > Arima (0.27)
- Transportation > Passenger (1.00)
- Transportation > Air (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics (1.00)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Offshore Facilities and Subsea Systems > Remotely operated vehicles (0.54)
- Data Science & Engineering Analytics > Information Management and Systems (0.47)
- Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainability > Environment (0.34)
ABSTRACT: Three-dimensional waves caused by a load moving uniformly on ice covered fluid are studied. The flow of the fluid is assumed to be potential and the ice cover is modelled as a thin elastic plate, while the boundary conditions at the ice-fluid interface are nonlinear. Solutions in different regimes, corresponding to different load speeds relative to the minimum phase speed of free waves of the system, are computed using a desingularized boundary integral equation method. INTRODUCTION Three-dimensional flexural-gravity waves generated by a disturbance moving at a constant velocity U on top of a floating ice sheet are considered in this paper. The study of the deformation of a floating ice sheet has many applications in the polar regions, where ice cover is used for roads or runways and there is an interest on the safe use of these transport links (see Ashton 1986, Milinazzo et al. 1995, Squire et al 1996). There have also been a number of experiments performed with loads moving on ice plates, for example: the McMurdo Sound experiments in deep water of the Antarctica (Squire et al. 1988) and the Lake Saroma experiments in shallow water on the island of Hokkaido, Japan (Takizawa 1985). The ice sheet is modelled as a thin elastic plate and the linear elastic plate equations are used. This approximation is often appropriate (see Squire et al. 1996), but there are also other possible models such as a viscoelastic model (see Hosking et al. 1988) or a finite ice thickness model (see Strathdee et al. 1991). A similar approach was employed by Xia et al. (2008) for a related problem, by studying the nonlinear hydroelasticity of a mat-type very large floating structure (VLFS) using the linear beam theory for the structure and the nonlinear Green-Naghdi theory for the fluid.
- North America > United States (0.68)
- Asia > Japan > Hokkaidō (0.24)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Offshore Facilities and Subsea Systems (0.54)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics (0.46)
Formation Efficiency of CO2 Hydrate Under Low Temperature And Low Pressure By Ultrasonic Mist
Hirabayashi, Shinichiro (Methane Hydrate Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology) | Yamamoto, Yoshitaka (Methane Hydrate Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology) | Kawamura, Taro (Methane Hydrate Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology) | Tsukada, Yuichi (Methane Hydrate Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology) | Takeuchi, Motoki (College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University) | Murata, Atsushi (College of Industrial Technology, Nihon Universityy) | Tsuji, Tomoya (College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University)
ABSTRACT: Formation efficiency of CO2 hydrate from submicron ice was investigated by laboratory experiments and numerical models. Since formation rate of hydrate changes as the surface area of reaction interface decreases, temporal variation of formation rate was taken into account in this study. In the experiment, fine ice particles, the diameter of which was about 0.5 μm, generated by an ultrasonic mist generator, was confined in a reaction cell with pure CO2 gas under the condition of 0.7 MPa and 253 K to form CO2 hydrate. The conversion rate of ice to hydrate was obtained as a time history by measuring its weight at different reaction period. In the numerical part, a fugacity-driven formation model incorporated with a shrinking-core model of a single ice particle was applied to a spherical ice particle. Unknown parameters such as formation rate constant and coefficient of diffusion of CO2 in hydrate film were determined by fitting the model to the experimental results. It was found that the most of the formation phenomena was diffusion-limited process and the estimated diffusion coefficient almost agreed with that proposed in the literature for relatively larger ice particles with diameter of about 100 μm. INTRODUCTION Clathrate hydrates are crystalline water-based solids in which small molecules are trapped inside cages of hydrogen bonded water molecules. Recently large amount of natural gases such as methane have been found to exist in sand sediments under the seabed and exploitation of those gases as alternative energy sources is expected. The distinctive difficulty of their recovery compared with the conventional oil and natural gases is attributed to the physical characteristics of hydrate which is normally stable at low temperature and high pressure. Therefore, understanding of dissociation characteristics of hydrate is important for the purpose of efficient gas production.
- Asia > Japan (0.29)
- North America > United States (0.28)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Flow Assurance > Hydrates (1.00)
- Production and Well Operations (0.93)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Non-Traditional Resources > Gas hydrates (0.92)