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Collaborating Authors
Natural Gas Conversion and Storage
Introduction political or military conflicts. In other words, market stability is yet to be achieved or guaranteed after all For us in Nigeria, oil is, at this time and through a these decades. Taking all these into account, it is series of historical processes, literally the national little wonder that the global oil industry is prone to lifeline because it has come to dominate our repeated crises of varying degrees of intensity. Credit economy in an overwhelming fashion. Well over 80% goes to all of its operators that the industry has of our export earnings derive from petroleum. How become accustomed to swift adjustments to new con-Nigeria feels about the place of oil in the world can ditions following each of the repeated onslaughts it therefore be readily appreciated. We share with other encounters. countries the common perception of the characteristics of the oil industry and are resolved to Global review cooperate with them to develop the industry and to make it work for world peace and prosperity. A brief mention of the transients that threaten, or Undoubtedly, petroleum is the vital energy source had in the past threatened, oil supplies would not be for the whole world, and, at this time, has no viable out of place. Regional political problems are probalternative for most parts of the world, especially the ably uppermost and include the endemic and fre-Third World and most especially in the area of trans- quently exacerbating crisis in the Middle East and portation. The largest petroleum reserves and great recent remarkable events in the former Soviet Union. oil production activities are not located in the areas Oil as a political weapon has, over the last two of greatest usage. This should not only be seen as decades, been used, in some cases defensibly. These some kind of natural judicious balance in resource actions, nevertheless, caused disruption of oil allocation in the world, it should also be seen as supplies. Increasing demand and the need for reliable nature's striking prescription of global interdepen- supply, if nothing else, dictate a determined effort to dence and people-to-people cooperation. The high solve these problems in the spirit of justice and fair technology, capital intensiveness and prolonged ges- play to achieve a lasting peace. But expediency also tation period before profit, which characterize invest- indicates the need to diversify supply regions by ment in petroleum exploration, production and casting the investment net wider, particularly to fall processing, all lend themselves to splendid interna- in the waters of the potentially rich Gulf of Guinea in tional cooperation in investment, technology trans- Africa. fer, information exchange and general economic It is also true, of course, that there are salutary planning. regional development
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Downstream (1.00)
- Africa > Niger > Lake Chad Basin (0.89)
- Africa > Nigeria > Lake Chad Basin (0.89)
- Africa > Chad > Lake Chad Basin (0.89)
Abstract. The emergence of advanced technologies that use natural gas for space cooling provides an economic and environmentally attractive alternative to the conventional all-electric air conditioning systems now widely used in this application. The absorption system has been improved to achieve higher efficiency of cooling and heating, and widely accepted in the commercial market. Innovative absorption cycles using designed absorption fluids and new concepts of heat and mass transfer are now under development to expand the availability of thermally activated systems, particularly to exploit lower temperature heat sources. The development of gas engine heat pumps is one of the recent technological breakthroughs, and has been applied to smaller buildings. Innovative technologies including Stirling engine and Vouilleumier cycle heat pump have the potential to achieve higher efficiency and lower emission problems. With these new technologies natural gas can contribute to meet the growing demand of cooling in the commercial sector. Résumé. L'émergence de technologies de pointe utilisant de gaz naturel pour la réfrigération des locaux fournit une alternative attrayante, du point de vue économique et de l'environnement, vis à vis des systèmes d'air conditionné tout-électrique conventionnels qui sont désormais largement utilisés pour cette application. Le système d'absorption a été amélioré afin d'obtenir une plus grande efficacité du refroidissement et du chauffage et il est communément accepté sur le marché. Des cycles d'absorption novateurs utilisant des fluides d'absorption issus de conceptions et de nouveaux concepts de chauffage et de transfert de masse sont en ce moment en cours de développement afin de favoriser la disponibilité de systèmes actionnés par la chaleur, en particulier dans le but d'exploiter les sources thermiques à faible température. Le développement de pompes thermiques pour moteurs à gaz constitue l'une des percées technologiques récentes et a été appliqué à des constructions plus petites. Les technologies innovantes comportant le moteur Stirling et la pompe thermique à cycle de Vouilleumier possèdent la faculté d'obtention d'une efficacité supérieure et d'atténuation des problèmes d'émission. Grâce à ces technologies nouvelles, le gaz naturel peut contribuer à faire face à la demande croissante de réfrigération émanant du secteur commercial. INTRODUCTION Over the past few decades, particularly after the oil crisis in 1973, measures have been undertaken to lessen the excessive dependence on oil by the intensive introduction of other forms of fossil fuels and nuclear power, as well as so-called renewable energy sources including solar, geothermal, hydro and wind energy. However, nuclear power has been facing
- Energy > Oil & Gas (1.00)
- Energy > Renewable > Geothermal (0.73)
- Energy > Power Industry > Utilities (0.54)
- Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainability > Environment (0.89)
- Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainability > Sustainability/Social Responsibility > Sustainable development (0.87)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Natural Gas Conversion and Storage > Liquified natural gas (LNG) (0.69)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Non-Traditional Resources > Geothermal resources (0.58)
Abstract. In a world of growing environmental awareness, natural gas is well placed for the inter-fuel competition in the future. Progress in technology has resulted in cost reductions and enabled the tightening environmental legislation to be met, thereby enhancing the competitiveness of natural gas. This paper reviews the latest advances in natural gas processing and indicates trends for the 1990s. Natural Gas Liquids (NGL) recovery, Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), Dehydration, Treating, Sulphur recovery and the application of computer-based systems for process control and optimization are discussed. Résumé. Dans le contexte mondial actuel OU l'on se préoccupe de plus en plus de l'environnement, le gaz naturel est bien placé pour entrer dans la compétition des combustibles. L'amélioration des procédés permet de réduire les coûts et de répondre aux spécifications de plus en plus sévères de la législation en matière d'environnement. Cet article Dasse en revue les Drogrès récents réalisés dans le traitement du gaz naturel et donne les tendances ~~ ~ 1- des années 'quatre-vingt-dix. L'article présente ensuite la liquéfaction, la récupération des liquides de gaz naturel contrôle et à l'optimisation des opérations. 1. INTRODUCTION Natural gas has been thrust into the limelight, largely in response to the continuing growth in the world's energy demand, nuclear set-backs and the 'green wave', spurred on by society's concerns over greenhouse gas emissions and acid rain. Natural gas is a clean fuel, producing around half the carbon dioxide (CO,) compared to that from oil or coal, virtually no SO, and little NO,. Carbon dioxide is the main greenhouse gas, while SO, and NO, are the main contributors to acid rain. In the 1970s the use of gas for power generation was effectively banned in the U.S. and Europe through the Fuel Use Act and European Community Directives because of the view that it did not make the best use of its ‘premium’ qualities. In recent years, advances in the technology of power generation have given gas a competitive edge. Combined cycle plants, where gas turbines are used in conjunction with a steam cycle achieve eficiencies of circa 50% (electrical outputfieat input), which compares with values of around 40% for oil or coal-fired power generation. Although forecasts may vary to some degree, the message does not-demand for gas is poised to takeoff. Further good news is that there is plenty of gas in the ground. The surge in oil exploration following the oil shocks of the 1970s led to large increases in déshydration du gaz, l'extraction des gaz acides, la GNL et l'application de systèmes informatiques au proven gas reserves, and even today the growth
- Europe (1.00)
- Asia (0.94)
- North America > United States (0.89)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Midstream (1.00)
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (0.98)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Natural Gas Conversion and Storage > Liquified natural gas (LNG) (1.00)
- Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainability > Environment > Air emissions (0.95)
Abstract. Since 1986 the petrochemical industry has resumed its expansion and has again become a major sector of interest for the petroleum world. Market changes, industrial restructuring and ecological constraints have been at the origin of big improvements in existing processes and have induced the promotion of a lot of new technologies. Steam-cracking itself has been reexamined, aiming for more flexibility, valuable products and optimal operating conditions. New concepts have been developed to ensure better thermal transfers, to promote catalytic conversions and to maximize ethylene production. Simultaneously efforts were made to upgrade by-products. As an example the purifying of gaseous fractions by membrane techniques may be considered as a promising solution, mainly to recover hydrogen. Olefin interconversions, such as squeletal isomerization of n-butenes to isobutene, selective dimerizations or oligomerizations of ethylene, propylene or butenes and metathesis or dismutation have appeared as efficient routes for adapting production, demand and raw material availability, depending on geographical conditions (industrial or remote areas). In that field petrochemicals have widely contributed to the restructuring of the refining industry and to the supply of the motor-fuels market. LPG transformations, such as isobutane and propane dehydrogenations, CJC, cyclizations to c.&, aromatics, now represent competitive routes that are able to facilitate flexibility concerning raw materials and products. On that point methanol conversion to olefins, derived from gasoline production processes, may offer new possibilities, mainly for revamping naphtha crackers in existing industriai areas. To conclude, direct methane transformations to petrochemical intermediates (acetylene, ethylene and aromatics) by oxidative or thermal coupling have undergone interesting developments and have to be considered as promising future routes. Résumé. Depuis 1986 la pétrochimie a renoué avec l'expansion; elle est redevenue un secteur d'intérêt prioritaire du monde pétrolier. L'évolution des marchés, les restructurations industrielles et les contraintes d'ordre écologique ont contribué à l'amélioration sensible des procédés existants et facilité l'émergence de nombreuses technologies nouvelles. Le vapocraquage lui-même a été reconsidéré pour lui conférer une plus grande flexibilité, accroître ses productions et optimiser ses conditions de fonctionnement. De nouveaux concepts ont été développés visant à faciliter les transferts thermiques, à promouvoir l'emploi de catalyseurs et à augmenter les rendements en éthylène. Parallèlement des efforts ont été entrepris pour mieux valoriser les sous-produits. Par example la purification des effluents gazeux à l'aide de
- Europe (0.30)
- North America > United States (0.29)
- Asia (0.29)
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Downstream (1.00)
- Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainability > Environment > Air emissions (0.46)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Natural Gas Conversion and Storage > Liquified natural gas (LNG) (0.34)
After a restructuring phase that has been unique in its history, the world refining industry must now face new challenges. The decline in heavy fuel oils and the progression of gasoline and middle distillates are increasing the need for deep conversion. At the same time, environmental constraints are imposing more and more severe specifications for end products and refinery emissions. This paper examines the routes available for facing up to these new requirements. In conversion, emphasis is placed on efficiency, the nature and characteristics of the products obtained and the optimal linking of deep conversion to conventional conversion. The tightening up of gasoline quality will entail considerable changes in production flowsheets and new processes. The demand for high-quality gas oil (sulphur and aromatics content, cetane number) will lead to more and more in-depth hydrorefining of distillates. However, all the problems looming up on the horizon are far from being solved. Research and development efforts will have to find answers to a great many questions such as the optimum integration of refining and petrochemicals, the choice of hydrogen production schemes, routes for converting natural gas and other unconventional alternatives for the production of base stocks for motor fuels.
- Europe (1.00)
- North America (0.70)
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Downstream (1.00)
- North America > United States (0.89)
- Asia > Japan (0.89)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics (1.00)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Natural Gas Conversion and Storage > Compressed natural gas (CNG) (0.48)
- Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainability > Environment (0.47)
Abstract. The definition and role of ‘reformulated gasoline’ are discussed from the different viewpoints of environment, performance and production. The Clean Air Act, recently signed by President Bush, referring to reformulated gasoline as a 'clean fuel', represents a milestone in the worldwide evolution of gasoline quality as a means to reduce automotive emissions. Reformulated gasoline is characterized by: very low benzene content, low aromatic content, low olefin content, low volatility, well balanced distillation curve and high oxygen content. In order to obtain the best fuel economy and to mitigate global warming, the octane number must be maintained at the present level, or even higher. The methyl-ethers, the fuel oxygenates perfectly compatible with hydrocarbons, appear to be the key components in the gasoline reformulation process. Reformulated gasoline will become a worldwide reality wherever air quality improvement is needed, through the development of MTBE, TAME and C7-C8 methyl-ethers produced from petrochemical plants, refineries and large dedicated plants. The MTBE production capacity, on stream in the second half of this decade, will reach about 27 million tons, enough to produce about 300 million tons of reformulated gasoline. Additional production of TAME and higher methyl-ethers is envisaged in refineries from cat-cracking olefins. ETBE, technically feasible, seems to be the least likely oxygenate commodity, due to the higher cost of ethanol in comparison with methanol. Résumé. La définition et le rôle de l"essence reformulée' ont été examinés de différents points de vue: l'environnement, la performance et la production. Le Clean Air Act, signé récemment par le Président Bush, pariant de l'essence reformulée comme ‘carburant propre’ représente une avance importante dans l'évolution mondiale de la qualité de l'essence pour réduire les gaz d'échappement. L'essence reformulée est caractérisée par: une très faible teneur en benzène, une faible teneur en aromatiques, une faible teneur en oléfines, une faible volatilité, une courbe de distillation bien équilibrée et une forte teneur en oxygène. Pour économiser le carburant et pour atténuer l'échauffement global, l'indice d'octane doit être au moins maintenu au niveau actuel. Les éthers méthyliques, composés oxygénés parfaitement compatibles avec les hydrocarbures, comprennent les composants essentiels du procédé de reformulation de l'essence. La reformulation des essences va devenir une réalité mondiale si on veut améliorer la qualité de l'air; elle nécessitera le développement du MTBE, du TAME et des éthers méthyliques C7-C8 en provenance des unités pétrochimiques, des raffineries, et aussi d'unités spécifiques plus grandes. La capac
- North America > United States (1.00)
- Europe (0.95)
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Downstream (1.00)
- Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainability > Environment > Air emissions (1.00)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Natural Gas Conversion and Storage > Compressed natural gas (CNG) (1.00)
Natural gas is already a major feedstock for the production of petrochemicals: ammonia and methanol from methane, light olefins from Natural Gas Liquids (NGL). Hydrogen demand stimulated by environmental concerns is expected to expand rapidly and new markets for natural gas based products, such as additives for the gasoline pool, are offering a good growth opportunity. New or improved technologies such as NGL dehydrogenation and aromatization, selective methanol conversion to light olefins, direct conversion of methane to olefins, acetylenics, oxygenated or chlorinated compounds should contribute to this development. The chemical conversion of remote natural gas into transportable liquids continues to be a major objective. Indirect routes (via synthesis gas) using proven technologies such as methanol or Fischer-Tropsch syntheses must still be greatly improved with respect to capital investment, operating costs and energetic efficiency. New processes under development such as oxidative coupling or high temperature pyrolysis, despite sizeable achievements, are still facing serious technological limitations, particularly in the area of catalysis, reactor design, heat recovery, materials and separations. This paper will highlight emerging technologies and market opportunities for natural gas as a raw material for the production of higher value products. Major economic and technological challenges will be discussed.
- North America > United States (1.00)
- Europe (0.95)
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas (1.00)
- Production and Well Operations (1.00)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Natural Gas Conversion and Storage > Liquified natural gas (LNG) (0.69)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Natural Gas Conversion and Storage > Compressed natural gas (CNG) (0.48)
The transportation sector accounts for over 20% of the total energy consumption in member countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), reaching 30% in highly industrialized countries and 60% in the U.S.A. To a large extent, this sector is also responsible for much of the urban air pollution problem. In an effort to arrive at cost-effective alternatives to petroleum-derived fuels, other fuels are being examined in many countries: petroleum-like mineral fuels, fuels from biomass, methanol from natural gas and coal, natural gas, hydrogen, and electricity. However, in many cases there are economic, technical, and environmental dificulties in using these fuels for transportation. Natural gas is a promising alternative since a dependable supply exists well into the 21st century and is uniformly distributed among the consuming countries. Although reductions in emissions can easily be achieved in the current fleet of vehicles through the use of natural gas and catalytic converters, there is a tremendous potential for reducing emissions by means of dedicated natural gas engines. Many laboratories are working on improved engine designs for compressed natural gas (CNG), lighter and more economical cylinders to store CNG on vehicles, and suitable refuelling equipment for both centrai stations and home use. At present, investigations are under way for light-and heavy-duty CNG vehicles. The use of CNG in transit buses can be particularly effective in reducing pollution in urban areas.
- Europe (1.00)
- Asia (1.00)
- Africa (0.93)
- North America > United States (0.87)
- Transportation > Ground > Road (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Downstream (1.00)
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (0.50)
- Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainability > Environment > Air emissions (1.00)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Natural Gas Conversion and Storage > Compressed natural gas (CNG) (1.00)
Abstract. The major developments in offshore technologies from the design and operational point of view are briefly outlined. This process has involved all sectors, ranging from exploration to production, and from services to operations. The main milestones achieved in the technology of platforms, drilling, and underwater systems are considered together with a perspective scenario of the future offshore challenges in these areas and their possible answers. - evolution of fixed and floating platform configuration - subsea and multiphase production - platform demanning and automation - natural gas as a new energy source - safety and environmental protection Particular attention is focused on the following aspects: The importance of offshore technology development for hydrocarbon supply will be emphasized together with the major opportunities for technological transfer from exploited areas (i.e. Gulf of Mexico, North Sea, Brazil) to others, including harsh and remote environments. Résumé. Les importantes réalisations des technologies localisées en mer sont brièvement exposées, d'un point de vue opérationnel et conceptuel. Ce processus a concerné tous les secteurs, de l'exploration à la production, les services et les opérations. Les principales étapes réalisées dans le domaine de la technologie des plate-formes, du forage, des pipelines et des systèmes sous-marins ainsi qu'un scénario des perspectives des futurs défis en mer dans ces domaines et de leurs éventuelles résponses, sont considérées. Une attention toute particulière sera portée sur les aspects suivants:–l'évolution des configurations des plate-formes flottantes et fixes; –la production pétrolière en mer au moyen de la technologie sous-marine et polyphasée; –l'automatisme et la non habitation dans les plate-formes; –Conversion et production de gaz naturel en mer; –la sécurité et protection de I'environnement; L'importance du développement de la technologie pétrolière en mer pour l'approvisionnement en hydrocarbures ainsi que les importantes opportunités liées au transfert technologique des zones exploitées (à savoir, le Brésil, la Mer du Nord, le Golfe du Mexique) vers d'autres régions, comprenant des environnements éloignés et sévères, seront mises en évidence. INTRODUCTION the worldwide total (Fig. 2)'. In order to make this possible the offshore industry has seen significant technological evolutions. Large transformations in offshore activities have taken place, mostly directed towards improving safety and reducing costs. Existing large hydrocarbon regions have entered their maturity or begun to decline, while the offshore In the last twenty-five years hydrocarbon production offshore has risen to a worldwide figure of about 25% of the total (Fig. i), while in Europe this value is significantly higher
- South America > Chile > Magallanes > Magallanes Basin > Fell Block > Molino Field (0.99)
- Europe > United Kingdom > North Sea > Northern North Sea > East Shetland Basin > North Viking Graben > Block 211/26a > Cormorant Field > Etive Formation (0.99)
- Europe > United Kingdom > North Sea > Northern North Sea > East Shetland Basin > North Viking Graben > Block 211/26a > Cormorant Field > Brent Group Formation (0.99)
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