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Unconventional and Complex Reservoirs
REPORT OF THE BRITISH ORGANIZING COMMITTEE Preparations for the Congress Patron BOC Organization WPJCL Administration and Contracts Congress Symbol Financing Arrangements Pre-Congress Publicity 13 Brochure 13 Welcome Letter 13 Transportation 13 Attendance Levels and Fees 13 Registration 14 Information Booklet Organization of the Congress Opening Ceremony 17 The Congress Location 17 Technical Meetings Schedule 17, 18, 19 Interpretation 17 Allocation of Space within the Barbican Centre 17 Geographical Distribution of Session Officers and Authors 20 National Committee Stands 21 Congress Representative Desks 21 Badges 21 Technical Film Programme 22 Book Exhibition 22 Social Events Medical Mail and Messages Philately Photographs Staffing Publicity and Press Technical Visits Accompanying Persons Post Congress Tours Generai Observations British Organizing Committee 14 14 14 15 15 16 23 24 24 24 24 25 25 26 26 26 27 27 R Preparations for the Congress The 11 th World Petroleum Congress took place in London, England, from Sunday, August 28 to Friday, September 2,1983, and marked the 50th Anniversary of the first Congress which also took place in London. The 11 th Congress was also referred to as the Jubilee Congress. PATRON Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II graciously consented to be the Patron of the 11th Congress, and the Secretary of State for Energy and the Right Honourable the Lord Mayor of London accepted invitations to be Vice-Patrons. BOC ORGANIZATION given by two recently retired oil company managers, an accountant and other clerical assistants. The major oil companies made available specialist advisers to WPJCL on the following subjects: Security, Finance, Legal, Protocol, Medical, Press and Publicity. WPJCL appointed Conference Services Limited (CSL) to provide expert services in the field of conference arrangements and to carry out the detailed planning and execution of the Congress itself. This specialist company made available one of its directors and the permanently employed staff as the workload required; CSL recruited and employed the additional staff that were needed for registration, information dissemination, etc. at the conference locations. (See also โStaffingโ). Thomas Cook Limited were appointed to make the arrangements for the transfer of participants from airports to the hotels. The hotels booked were appropriate to the logistics of the Congress. Thomas Cook Limited were, in addition, appointed by CSL to provide the coach services during the Congress itself. Thomas Cook, working directly with-WPJCL, made all the detailed arrangements for a substantial number of Post Congress Tours. The British National Committee decided that the British Organizing Committee should be constituted as a body corporate which would permit the BOC to enter into legal agreements and contractual commitments which may not have been possible had the organizers operated through a committee with no legal
- Government > Regional Government > Europe Government > United Kingdom Government (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- North America > Canada > Quebec > Arctic Platform (0.95)
- North America > Canada > Nunavut > Arctic Platform (0.95)
- Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainability (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Improved and Enhanced Recovery (0.46)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Unconventional and Complex Reservoirs (0.46)
In his opening remarks, the Chairman, Prof. B. TISSOT, pointed out that the problem of the origin, migration and accumulation of petroleum has been of interest to geologists for a long time. Nonetheless, most of the knowledge in this field has been acquired during the last twenty years. By the tenth Congress in Bucharest, the formation of natural gas and oil from the organic fraction, that is, from kerogen, in source rocks was already well known. So also were the driving forces for the conversions, namely burial and increased temperature with time. In the four years since the Bucharest congress, more substantial progress has been made. First, the nature and quantity of petroleum which a source rock can generate was recognized to depend upon the quality of the organic matter in the rock and the environment in which this organic matter was deposited. To substantiate this, G. DEMAISON, in the first paper, shows how recent work enables the geology of source rock deposition to be defined in areas such as the North Sea and the East Coast of the United States. In the second paper J. G. PALACAS presents the recent thought that carbonate rocks can constitute source rocks, and indeed, are probably responsible for some major petroleum accumulations in various parts of the world. This refutes a generally held opinion in the past. Another forward step made in our field since the tenth Congress involves the mechanism of migration of crude oil into a reservoir. This was perhaps the least understood of all the aspects of the development of a petroleum accumulation. Since then, B. DURAND has shown that water and oil constitute separate phases which move independently in the earth. Based on these data, he has developed a model which is delineated in the third paper. Using the model it is possible to simulate the displacement and accumulation of oil in a basin. Another area in which considerable progress has been made is the study of biologically derived molecules. These are molecules characteristic of the organisms which were living at the time the sediment was deposited. In the fourth paper A. S. MACKEN- ZIE and J. R. MAXWELL show that study of these molecules can establish a correlation between oils and also assess the stage of development of petroleum and kerogen in the source rock. Finally, tar sands, or more properly bitumen impregnated sands, and very heavy crude oils have posed a series of problems in respect to origin. In the fifth paper, I. M. KLIMUSHIN presents his conclusions on these types of deposits in the USSR. There were numerous questions and comments concerning the five papers.
- North America > Mexico (0.68)
- North America > United States (0.67)
- Asia > Middle East (0.46)
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- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock (1.00)
- Geology > Petroleum Play Type > Unconventional Play > Heavy Oil Play (1.00)
- Geology > Geological Subdiscipline > Geochemistry (1.00)
- Geology > Geological Subdiscipline > Economic Geology > Petroleum Geology (1.00)
- Europe > United Kingdom > North Sea > North Sea Basin (0.99)
- Europe > Norway > North Sea > North Sea Basin (0.99)
- Europe > Netherlands > North Sea > North Sea Basin (0.99)
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- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Unconventional and Complex Reservoirs > Oil sand, oil shale, bitumen (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Characterization > Exploration, development, structural geology (1.00)
Keen interest in the investigation of natural bitumens in the USSR is connected with the recent discovery of shallow bitumen accumulations in various regions of the country, that are of commercial importance. The paper describes the processes of bitumogenesis and genetic types of natural bitumens. The classification is given, based on definition of the series grouped by commonality of the processes of formation and conditions of occurrence of natural bitumen accumulations (NBA). It is found that NBA of hypergenous and phasemigrational series are most widely spread. The basic principles of the location of NBA in the oil-gas-bearing or bituminous basins have been analysed, among which four types are defined. Specific features of the geological structure of typical accumulations of natural bitumens in the Volgo-Urals and Leno-Anabarsky basins have been considered. The geologo-economic problems of NBA production in the USSR have been discussed, among which the particular attention is paid to comparability of the predicted costs of production of natural bitumens and conventional oil. The conclusion is made in regard to importance of the complex use of natural bitumens with the account of the rare elements' content in them.
- Europe > Russia > North Caucasian Federal District > North Caucasian Federal District > Republic of Ingushetia > North Kavkaz Basin > Malgobek Voznesenskoye Field (0.99)
- Europe > Russia > North Caucasian Federal District > Chechnya > Republic of Ingushetia > North Kavkaz Basin > Malgobek Voznesenskoye Field (0.99)
- North America > United States > Texas > Permian Basin > Yeso Formation (0.98)
- (23 more...)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Unconventional and Complex Reservoirs > Oil sand, oil shale, bitumen (1.00)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Unconventional Production Facilities > Oil sand/shale/bitumen (1.00)
Geological and geochemical data, including gross properties and detailed molecular analyses, of marginally mature carbonate-evaporite rocks of Early Cretaceous age in south Florida are presented to show that these carbonate rocks are sources of commercial oil. The unique carbonate-evaporite depositional and diagenetic environments, without influx of major terrigenous and humic substances, produce algal-sapropelic organic facies that yield petroleum at lower temperatures than humic-type shales. The worldwide presence of small to very large, apparently immature, to marginally mature, non-biodegraded, heavy oil/bitumen deposits, rich in resins and asphaltenes, attests to this phenomenon. In thermally immature to marginally mature carbonate-evaporite basins the principal factor in assessing the presence of effective source rocks is the identification of specific organic facies. This contrasts with other types of sedimentary basins where, in generai, thermal maturity and organic richness are the initiai and principal factors in assessing oil-source potential. F.or effective oil-source rock correlation, conventional geochemical parameters used alone proved inconclusive. However, comparison of detailed molecular distributions (steranes, triterpanes), in conjunction with bulk properties, proved effective in delineating the probable source rocks.
- Europe (1.00)
- North America > United States > Colorado (0.46)
- North America > United States > Florida (0.38)
- (4 more...)
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock > Carbonate Rock (1.00)
- Geology > Petroleum Play Type > Unconventional Play > Heavy Oil Play (1.00)
- Geology > Geological Subdiscipline > Geochemistry (1.00)
- (3 more...)
- South America > Colombia > Tolima Department > Middle Magdalena Basin > La Luna Shale Formation (0.99)
- South America > Colombia > Santander Department > Middle Magdalena Basin > La Luna Shale Formation (0.99)
- South America > Colombia > Cesar Department > Middle Magdalena Basin > La Luna Shale Formation (0.99)
- (31 more...)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Unconventional and Complex Reservoirs > Oil sand, oil shale, bitumen (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Characterization > Exploration, development, structural geology (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Fluid Characterization > Geochemical characterization (1.00)
In his introduction the Chairman, G. J. F. STIJNTJES, pointed out that the papers were chosen so as to cover a wide range of aspects concerning the Non-Residual Fuel Refinery. The first paper discussed why, when and to what extent a Non-Residual Fuel Refinery could become a feature of the oil industry. In the other four papers the following aspects were discussed: the strategic approach to selecting a particular residue conversion process route, some details of certain technical processes, the effect on refinery utilities and environment of installing this type of complex and, finally, costs. These elements will be found in all papers but in each paper one of the above aspects predominates. The Chairman mentioned that immediately after each paper's presentation a brief discussion would follow led by a selected discusser, who would make a number of observations from his own experience. On completion of the five presentations with their discussions, questions could be raised by the audience. The first paper entitled โThe Necessity for Residue Conversionโ was presented by R. SKINNER. M. NASSEER (Deputy Minister of Oil, Iran), before commenting on the paper, gave praise to Allah for providing humanity with the sources of energy and expressed the hope that this resource would be used to the good of all. Dr. NASSEER continued by making the following comments:The drive to reduce fuel oil production should not give the impression that fuel oil is nothing better than a nuisance. There are indications that the recent OPEC meeting in London resulting in the establishment of the lower crude price would result in postponement of Co-generation projects, the fuel oil price increasing from 6745% of that of crude and there being a possible reduced availability of fuel oil for upgrading facilities. More emphasis should be placed on the traditional primary use of fuel oil, namely for bitumen and 1 u boils. Very few of the existing countries can raise the level of their crude production without damaging the ultimate recovery of their reservoirs. In the light of the above points Dr. NASSEER made the following observations:Industrialized countries should assure the availability of fuel oil for their upgrading facilities at prices giving a profitable return to upgrading operations. Oil producing countries should consider in their future decisions the following points: use of bitumen and luboil in their domestic market, bunker fuel use, extra investments in the more complex non-residual fuel refinery, the energy they use (first gas, later fuel oil) for power generation and heavy industries, upgrading of excess f
- Europe (0.69)
- North America > United States (0.48)
- Asia > Middle East > Iran (0.24)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Downstream (1.00)
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (0.47)
- Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainability > Environment (0.68)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Unconventional and Complex Reservoirs > Oil sand, oil shale, bitumen (0.55)
Abstract. Heavy oil cracking is a special heavy oil upgrading process which is based on the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process. Heavy oil cracking is similar to FCC except that the oil feed has a higher concentration of feed components boiling above 540 OC. Whether or not heavy oil cracking is a profitable operation depends on the price differential between crude and residual fuels or between light and heavy crudes. An investment of 500 millions dollars (USA, 1982) for a residual hydrotreater and heavy oil cracker gives an estimated discounted cash flow return of about 27% if the price differential between light and heavy crude is $10 per barrel. The feedstock for a profitable heavy oil cracking process must be carefully evaluated. The important factors are metals, heteroatoms, carbon residue, and crackability of the 540 OC+ fraction. Heavy oil cracking, because of high metals on the equilibrium catalyst, produces more hydrogen and coke and less gasoline. The Metals Passivation Process offered by Phillips Petroleum Company is an accepted method for reducing the deleterious effect of heavy metals on cat cracking catalyst and 69% of the USA cat cracking capacity is under license. Heavy oil cracking has been in commercial operation since 1961 and since 1981 in conjunction with an atmospheric residua hydrotreater. The future of heavy oil cracking will evolve around processing even heavier crudes by using upgrading processes before hydrotreatment. Rรฉsunรฉ. Le craqriage des pรฉtroles lourds est un procรฉdรฉ spรฉcifique de. valorisation des pรฉtroles lourds, basรฉ sur ie procรฉdรฉ de craquage catalytique fluide (FCC). Le craquage des pรฉtroles lourds ressemble au FCC sauf que la charge a une concentration plus รฉlevรฉe en produits bouillant au-dessus de 540 OC. Le fait que le craquage des pรฉtroles lourds soit ou non une opรฉration profiiable dรฉpend de la diffรฉrence entre les prix du pรฉtrole brut et des combustibles rรฉsiduels ou entre ceux des bruts lรฉgers et lourds. Un investissement de 500 millions de dollars (EUA, 1982) dans une unitรฉ d'hydrotraitement de rรฉsidus et dans un craqueur de pรฉtrole lourd produit un bรฉnรฉfice actualisรฉ d'environ 27% si la diffรฉrence entre les prix des bruts lรฉgers et lourds est de 10 dollars par baril. La charge pour un procรฉdรฉ rentable de craquage des pรฉtroles lourds doit รชtre รฉvaluรฉe avec soin. Les paramรจtres importants sont constituรฉs par la prรฉsence de mรฉtaux, des hรฉtรฉroatomes, des rรฉsidus carbonรฉs, et par la possibilitรฉ de craquage de la fraction 540 'Cf. A cause de la quantitรฉ importante de mรฉtaux sur le catalyseur d'รฉquilibre, le craquage des pรฉtroles lourds produit plus d'hydrogรจne et de coke et moins d'essence. Le procรฉdรฉ de la passivation des mรฉtaux, mis au point par la Phillips Petroleum Company, est une mรฉthode agrรฉรฉe pour rรฉduire l'effet gรชnant des mรฉtaux lourds sur le catalyseur de craqua
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (0.94)
- North America > Canada (0.89)
- Europe > Russia > Northwestern Federal District > Komi Republic > Timan-Pechora Basin > Pechora-Kolva Basin > Usa Field (0.89)
Whilst oil consumption in its premium outlets-transport and non-fuel uses-will continue to grow, there will be sufficient crude oil available over the next two decades to meet requirements in these applications and still leave oil available for electricity generation, steam raising and space heating. However, crude oil supply will be insufficient to meet growth in world energy requirements and oil's pre-1973 role as the balancing fuel must be provided by other energy sources. There are many reasons which will inhibit the rate of substitution for oil in its non-premium uses and this switch will not have been completed by the year 2000. The growing share of transport fuels in oil's product consumption will be concentrated in middle distillates, as demand is likely to be strongest for automotive diesel and aviation fuels rather than gasolines and marine bunkers. These changes in consumption patterns will be repeated throughout most of the industrial world. For this reason, the non residual fuel oil refinery is unlikely to be built within the OECD before the year 2000 but may be constructed in countries with either larger gas reserves or where refineries are built primarily for the export market.
- Europe (0.48)
- North America > United States (0.33)
- Europe > Russia > Northwestern Federal District > Komi Republic > Timan-Pechora Basin > Pechora-Kolva Basin > Usa Field (0.89)
- Asia > Thailand > Gulf of Thailand > Western Basin (0.89)
- Management > Energy Economics (0.47)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Unconventional and Complex Reservoirs > Oil sand, oil shale, bitumen (0.46)
- Management > Asset and Portfolio Management (0.34)
Abstract. In spite of the current world crude oil glut, known conventional oil reserves are being depleted and synthetic crudes from tar sands, shale oil and coal will be important for meeting future energy demands. The volume of synthetic material in the Canadian crude diet is expected to increase substantially before the end of the century, thereby affecting the refining operation. Current synthetic crude is low in naphtha, high in middle distillate, and has no residue. It is low in sulphur and very high in aromatics. These unusual characteristics give downstream refiners some yield advantages and many processing challenges. There are serious constraints in meeting aromatics, smoke point, and cetane number specifications. This paper deals with the characteristics of current synthetic crudes and the impact they have on Canadian refineries. The future trends for upstream synthetic crude production and the downstream refining adjustments which are necessary to handle these crudes are also discussed. Although current refining technology can handle low levels of synthetic material blended into conventional diets, the processes are expensive. Therefore, there is room for technological advancement both in the upstream and downstream operations. Rรฉsumรฉ. Malgrรฉ les excรฉdents actuels mondiaux de pรฉtrole brut, les rรฉserves connues de pรฉtrole โconventionnelโ sont en train de s'รฉpuiser et, afin de satisfaire aux demandes futures d'รฉnergie, les bruts synthรฉtiques provenant de sables asphaltiques, de shistes bitumineux et de charbon seront d'une importance capitale. D'ici la fin du siรจcle, on prรฉvoit que la part des matiรจres synthรฉtiques dans les approvisionnements des raffineries canadiennes va augmenter d'une fapn considรฉrable, ce qui touchera tous les aspects du raffinage. Le brut synthรฉtique a actuellement une basse teneur en naphta, une teneur รฉlevรฉe en distillats moyens et ne contient pas de rรฉsidu. De plus, la teneur en soufre est basse et celle en aromatiques est trรจs รฉlevรฉe. Ces caractรฉristiques peu communes donnent aux raffineries en aval quelques avantages de rendement ainsi que de nombreux problรจmes de traitement. De sรฉrieuses difficultรฉs se prรฉsentent lorsqu'il s'agit de faire face aux spรฉcifications en ce qui concerne les aromatiques, le point de fumรฉe et l'indice de cรฉtane. Cette communication prรฉsente les caractรฉristiques des bruts synthรฉtiques actuels et leur impact sur les raffineries canadiennes. On traite aussi les tendances futures de production en amont de brut synthรฉtique et les ajustements qui seront nรฉcessaires en aval dans les raffineries pour traiter ces bruts. Si la technologie actuelle de raffinage permet
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Downstream (1.00)
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (0.99)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Unconventional and Complex Reservoirs > Oil sand, oil shale, bitumen (0.94)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Unconventional Production Facilities > Oil sand/shale/bitumen (0.94)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Processing Systems and Design (0.94)
- Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainability > Sustainability/Social Responsibility > Sustainable development (0.88)
RP 6 Recovery of Hydrocarbons from Oil Sands and Oil Shales by Mining
Surguchev, M. L. (VNIIneft. USSR) | Vakhitov, G. G. (VNIIneft. USSR) | Epik, I. P. (Academy of Sciences of the Estonia, USSR) | Mashin, V. N. (Ministry of Oil Refining and Petrochemical Industry, USSR) | Gurov, E. I. (Yarega Oil Company, USSR) | Tabakov, V. P. (VNIIneft, USSR)
Abstract. The paper defines capabilities of the mining development of heavy-oil, oil-sand and oil-shale fields. The characteristics and reserves of the above-mentioned fields are described. A review of the application of drainage mining development of heavy-oil and bitumen fields in various countries is made. Experience in the thermal-mining development of the Yarega oil field in Komi ASSR in the Soviet Union is described in detail. The methods for producing shales and recovering synthetic oil from them at the surface and by the use of the in-situ processes are described. Economic evaluation and the prediction of possible production of hydrocarbons from tar sands and synthetic oil from shales are made. The paper ends with conclusions and practical recommendations. Rรฉsumรฉ. La communication prรฉsente les moyens qui existent pour l'exploitation miniรจre des gisements d'huile lourde, de sables asphaltiques et de schistes bitumineux. Elle dรฉcrit et passe en revue les techniques miniรจres de drainage employรฉes dans diffรฉrents pays. Elle dรฉcrit en dรฉtail l'expรฉrience obtenue par l'exploitation miniรจre et thermique du gisement soviรฉtique de Yaregskoie (Rรฉpublique autonome des Komis). On prรฉsente aussi les procรฉdรฉs d'exploitation in situ et ex situ et de transformation d'huile de schistes bitumineux en brut synthรฉtique. On fait des estimations รฉconomiques et des prรฉvisions de production possible d'hydrocarbures ร partir de sables asphaltiques et de schistes bitumineux. Enfin on prรฉsente des conclusions et des recommandations 1. INTRODUCTION The prospects of discovering new oilfields throughout the world are more and more associated with the difficult-access areas (deep shelf, permafrost zones, etc.) where oil production costs are many times higher than in the areas with favourable conditions. Therefore, future demand for oil will be met by increased costs. Due to this factor, during the last decade the following major tendencies have received a large development effort. - Saving of oil and increase in efficiency of its use in - Enhanced oil recovery in developed fields. - Production of liquid hydrocarbons from oil sands, oil shales and coal. This has become one of the perspective trends of satisfying the future demand in oil. all s
- North America > United States (0.97)
- Asia (0.92)
- North America > Canada > Alberta (0.46)
- Europe > Russia > Northwestern Federal District > Komi Republic (0.35)
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock > Clastic Rock > Mudrock > Shale (1.00)
- Geology > Petroleum Play Type > Unconventional Play > Heavy Oil Play (1.00)
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock > Organic-Rich Rock > Oil Shale (0.92)
- North America > United States > California > San Joaquin Basin > Kern River Field (0.99)
- North America > Canada > Alberta > Athabasca Field > Allied Et Al Athabasca 6-13-66-23 Well (0.99)
- Europe > Russia > Northwestern Federal District > Komi Republic > Timan-Pechora Basin > Izhma-Pechora Basin > Yaregskoye Field (0.99)
- (2 more...)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Unconventional and Complex Reservoirs > Shale oil (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Unconventional and Complex Reservoirs > Oil sand, oil shale, bitumen (1.00)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Unconventional Production Facilities > Oil sand/shale/bitumen (1.00)
Production stimulation methods and effective well-completion techniques are essential to achieve improved and accelerated recovery of existing oil and gas fields and to unlock additional reserves. Of the stimulation methods, acid-fracturing and hydraulic fracturing are considered to offer the best prospects for deep, low permeable reservoirs. In conventional acid-fracturing of inhomogeneous carbonate formations, development is mainly focused on viscosified acids to improve fluid loss and decrease acid reactivity to enhance deeper penetration. For homogeneous formations, both hard and very soft, unconventional acid-fracturing stimulation techniques have been developed. The trend towards creating very large fractures in hydraulic fracturing operations (Massive Hydraulic Fracturing) has emphasized the necessity not only for a better description of the fracture geometry but also for techniques to determine fracture orientation and for improvement of both fracturing fluid and proppant properties. Combined stimulation techniques have been applied in thermal stimulation, where fracturing together with steamflooding may be a promising prospect for the production of very heavy oils and tar from shallow reservoirs. A development aiming at a more efficient utilization of steam in thermal stimulation is the downhole steam generator (DSG), which may also lead to an extension of the present economic steaming depth. In the field of completion techniques, developments and advancements in sand control, both mechanical and chemical, and application of foam cement in primary cementation together with equipment development for multi-zone reservoir completions and completions of oil and gas wells with a minimum of formation damage by using a new perforation system are briefly reviewed.
- North America > United States > Texas (1.00)
- Europe (1.00)
- North America > United States > Louisiana (0.68)
- North America > Canada (0.68)
- Geology > Geological Subdiscipline > Geomechanics (1.00)
- Geology > Petroleum Play Type > Unconventional Play > Heavy Oil Play (0.48)
- North America > United States > Texas > Permian Basin > Yeso Formation (0.99)
- North America > United States > Texas > Permian Basin > Yates Formation (0.99)
- North America > United States > Texas > Permian Basin > Wolfcamp Formation (0.99)
- (28 more...)