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Abstract. The terminology used in classifying petroleum substances and the various categories of reserves has been the subject of much study and discussion for many years. The need for an increased degree of standardization has been long recognized but significant difficulty has been encountered in achieving this objective. This is not surprising given the global nature of the petroleum industry and the many languages in which the industry operates and reports petroleum statistics. A Study Group, comprised of representatives of five member countries of the World Petroleum Congresses (Canada, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, the United States and Venezuela), reviewed the classification and nomenclature systems for oil and gas and for reserves as used by various countries and recommended systems for universal adoption. Its Interim Report was presented at the 11th Congress held in London in 1983. It has been revised on the basis of comments since that time. The recommended systems are scientifically sound, and yet at the same time, practical and simple enough to be readily understood even by those not involved on a daily basis in technical aspects of the industry. The recommended terminology is as close to current common usage as possible in order to minimize the changes necessary to bring about wide acceptance. Due to the many forms of occurrence of petroleum, the wide range of its characteristics, and the lack of accurate knowledge respecting the principles of its origin, migration and accumulation, a precise system of classification and reserves nomenclature which will satisfy all petroleum scientists is not practical. Furthermore, the establishment of a precise system would detract from its understandability by the average layman who is becoming increasingly interested and concerned with petroleum matters. The recommended systems thus stress known facts and the classification of petroleum substances is based primarily on the state of occurrence and the viscosity and density of the substances. For reserves, the recommended system is not a major change from systems which are well established in many countries but it is hoped that the recommendations will help in achieving better consistency in the reserves data presented by different authors and organizations. The recommended systems are broad in nature and petroleum scientists will likely further sub-divide the defined categories in order to facilitate detailed use. In summary, the Study Group defines petroleum as a naturally occurring mixture of predominantly hydrocarbons in the gaseous (natural gas), liquid (crude oil), or solid (natural bitumen)
- South America (1.00)
- North America > United States (1.00)
- Europe (1.00)
- Asia > Middle East (0.93)
- Geology > Petroleum Play Type > Unconventional Play > Heavy Oil Play (0.89)
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock (0.68)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Government > Regional Government > North America Government > United States Government (0.68)
- South America > Venezuela (0.89)
- North America > United States (0.89)
Abstract. Charged by the Saudi Arabian Government with managing the largest national oil reserves on earth, Aramco is the primary conduit of modern petroleum technology to Saudi Arabia. Beyond this, the company has evolved detailed strategies for indigenous manpower development. Numerous programmes were established early on to develop the expertise of Saudi employees in industrial, technical, professional and managerial skills. In the post-1970 oil boom, these programmes were further expanded to the point where very substantive transfers have been accomplished on a large scale, even in the face of marked technological advancements in the industry. The recent slowdown has enabled the company to rapidly consolidate these gains. As a result, the company is passing through the operational and maintenance stages of technology transfer and is building up to a third stage at which original applications and technology substitutions can be made. An important boost to this process came with the construction in Dhahran of a major geoscience centre and the shift to Saudi Arabia of all exploration and petroleum engineering activities. At this facility, which became fully operational in 1984, the beginnings of stage-three technology transfer are already manifest. Résumé. Aramco, chargé par le gouvernement d'Arabie Saoudite de gérer les plus grandes réserves nationales de pétrole du monde, constitue la principal vecteur pour apporter la technologie pétrolière moderne à l'Arabie Saoudite. De plus, la compagnie a élaboré des stratégies détaillées pour le développement de la main d'oeuvre locale. De nombreux programmes ont été établis très tôt pour développer la compétence des travailleurs saoudiens dans les domaines industriels, techniques, professionnels et gestionnaires. Pendant la période de prospérité pétrolière, après l'année 1970, ces programmes ont encore été élargis. Cela a permis d'importants transferts malgré les notables progrès techniques de l'industrie. Le récent ralentissement pétrolier a permis à la compagnie de consolider ces gains. De la sorte, après les étapes du transfert technologique dans le domaine de l'opération et de la maintenance, la compagnie entame la troisième étape comportant des applications originales et des substitutions technologiques. La construction à Dhahran d'un important centre de sciences de la Terre et le déplacement à l'Arabie Saoudite de toutes les activités d'exploration et d'ingénierie pétrolières représentent un notable progrès dans cette voie. Le fonctionnement de ce centre, devenu entièrement opérationnel en 1984, est une preuve manifeste des débuts du transfert technologique à trois étapes. 1. INTRODUCTION Aramco is charged by the Government of Saudi Arabia with managing the largest national petroleum reserves on earth. In this capacity,
- Government > Regional Government > Asia Government > Middle East Government > Saudi Arabia Government (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Management > Professionalism, Training, and Education (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Characterization (0.68)
- Data Science & Engineering Analytics > Information Management and Systems (0.68)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Processing Systems and Design > Gas processing (0.46)
Abstract. All phases of implementation of major projects in the hydrocarbon processing industry-planning, design, project management, procurement, construction, organization development, commissioning and subsequent operation-are involved in the efficient transfer of technology. Completion of each of these phases will require different emphasis and support, depending on the resources and infrastructure available to the country or company implementing the project. It is important to recognize at project inception the constraints that might inhibit successful development and implementation of a project and, by careful planning, provide the necessary skills and services either by provision of specialized assistance from the technology sources, or developing internal resources. This paper draws on the experience of a process licensor to discuss the manner in which the provision of certain specialized support services can ensure that a project proceeds on schedule and with a smooth transfer of technology. Specific areas emphasized are:–The use of modular construction techniques to shorten construction schedules and minimize the resources –The use of structured training methods including the use of computer-based simulator systems to train –The proper planning of the commissioning phase and the role of the licensor's personnel in assisting the –The provision of training and operational assistance after startup to maintain efficiency in the critical period expended at the construction site. inexperienced operating staff. operating company in this activity. of initial operation. Specific examples of each of these aspects are discussed in the paper. Resumé. Pour être efficace, le transfert de technologie, dans le cas des grands projets de raffinage et de pétrochimie, doit impliquer toutes les phases mises en oeuvre: planification, conception, gestion de projet, acquisition, construction, organisation, démarrage, fonctionnement. L'accomplissement de ces tâches nécessite une attention et un support différents selon les ressources et l'infrastructure disponible dans le pays ou pour la société chargée du travail. I1 est important de connaître dès le début du projet les contraintes pouvant empêcher la réussite de son développement et de sa mise en oeuvre; pour cela, il faut fournir, par une soigneuse planification, les qualifications et les services nécessaires, soit par la fourniture d'assistance spécialisée dans la technologie de base, soit par la mise en oeuvre des ressources locales. Cette communication tire profit de l'expérience d'un bailleur de licence et expose comment l'apport de services spécialisés peut garantir qu'un projet se déroulera selon les prévisions et constituera un bon transfert de technologie. On discutera les points spécifi
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Downstream (1.00)
- Management > Professionalism, Training, and Education (1.00)
- Data Science & Engineering Analytics > Information Management and Systems (0.95)
- Management > Strategic Planning and Management > Project management (0.87)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Facilities Operations > Commissioning and startup (0.68)
Abstract. Economic and political forces triggered by oil price shocks in the 1970s have led to structural changes in oil demand and supply. OECD demand fell 7 million barrels per day between 1979 and 1985, only partially offset by demand increases in developing countries. Inter-fuel competition, except in the transportation sector, reinforced a whiter demand barrel. High oil prices stimulated quantum increases in non-OPEC crude oil production creating a global supply overhang, and OPEC production declined 50% between 1979 and 1985. OPEC's decision to reclaim market share in late 1985 led to oil price collapse. Consequent revenue constraints threaten to further curtail planned additions to source refinery capacity. Environmental controls have growing impact on industry investment and costs. Lead reduction in gasoline exemplifies emission controls for which cost effective solutions are needed; the debate on ‘acid rain’ continues but governments must develop appropriate policies. Stagnation of oil demand has resulted in drastic rationalization and restructuring of the downstream business. Future industry viability requires high-technology, flexible operations in selective market segments to supply oil products which meet increasingly demanding performance and environmental standards in a strongly competitive and volatile environment. Résumé. Les chocs pétroliers des années 1970 ont donné naissance à des forces économiques et politiques qui ont bouleversé la structure de l'offre et de la demande pétrolières. La chute de la demande entre 1979 et 1985 se chiffre à 350 Mt/an pour les pays de l'OCDE et n'a été que partiellement compensée par l'augmentation de la demande des pays en voie de développement. La concurrence entre les diverses énergies, qui a pris corps dans tous les secteurs à l'exception des transports, a accentué le blanchissement du baril. Le prix élevé du pétrole a encouragé les pays producteurs non OPEP à accroître considérablement leur production, l'excédent qui est apparu à l'échelle mondiale a été accompagné entre 1979 et 1985 d'une baisse de 50% de la production des pays de l'OPEP. L'action décidée en fin 1985 par l'OPEP pour reconquérir sa part du marché a provoqué l'effondrement des prix. Les pertes de revenu qui en découlent mettent en danger les projets d'extension des capacités de raffinage. Le souci de protection de l'environnement a un impact croissant sur les investissements et les coûts. La réduction de la teneur en plomb de l'essence est un exemple type de l'action entreprise contre les émissions polluantes pour laquelle il s'impose de trouver des solutions efficaces et économiques; les débats se poursuivent sur la "pluie acide" mais c'est aux gouvernements
- Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainability > Environment (1.00)
- Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainability > Sustainability/Social Responsibility > Sustainable development (0.94)
- Management > Energy Economics > Market analysis /supply and demand forecasting/pricing (0.70)
- Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainability > HSSE & Social Responsibility Management > HSSE standards, regulations and codes (0.66)
For the most part, the chronic toxicities of the major hydrocarbon streams and products of the petroleum industry are very low. The risks to individuals arising from ordinary contacts with these substances are therefore exceptionally low. The large number of people potentially in contact with such substances, and the growing public concern with adverse health risks, however small, makes it necessary for the petroleum industry and its risk managers to understand and use the processes of risk assessment and management. The scientific basis of risk assessment has received much attention in Europe and the United States, and both private and public organizations have made significant progress in developing useful techniques. Despite progress, many uncertainties still exist; only a disciplined risk assessment process can deal with these. Some of the developments are described, as are the appropriate interactions of the risk manager and the risk assessors, and the nonscientific factors the risk manager must deal with. The way in which the petroleum industry in the United States dealt with the case of animal data on the chronic kidney toxicity of nonleaded motor gasoline is used to illustrate the principles of risk assessment and management as they exist at the present time. This is also an example of responsible, Yoluntary action by the industry.
- Energy > Oil & Gas (1.00)
- Health & Medicine > Therapeutic Area > Oncology (0.93)
- Government > Regional Government > North America Government > United States Government (0.68)
Abstract. In the past 5 years, commercial exploitation has begun in a new industry called knowledge processing which enables computers to perform reasoning tasks in a human-like manner. Generally, these computerized systems are called knowledge systems and, when they perform as well as or better than human experts, they are commonly called expert systems. This new industry has striking similarities with the petroleum industry: both address the key problems of finding, extracting, refining and distributing a precious raw material. In one case, the raw material is petroleum; in the other, it is human know-how. This analogy will be developed to explain the principal technological aspects of knowledge processing. However, knowledge processing is more than an interesting new industry. Knowledge systems will significantly alter the economics of the petroleum industry. Knowledge systems that perform better than human experts are already at work in applications from exploration through production, from research through operations. This paper will survey these applications and show how they form an initial rudimentary network of global, continuously accessible world-class expertise. In the not-too-distant future, the industry's economic performance will increase dramatically as the quality of its knowledge inputs shift from mediocre to expert. Résumé. Au cours des 5 dernières années a commencé l'exploitation commerciale d'une nouvelle industrie, dite de traitement des connaissances, qui permet aux ordinateurs de réaliser des tâches de raisonnement de manière humaine. En général ces systèmes informatisés sont appelés systèmes de connaissances et lorsqu'ils travaillent aussi bien ou mieux que des experts humains on les appelle communément systèmes experts. Cette nouvelle industrie possède des ressemblances frappantes avec l'industrie pétrolière: pour toutes les deux les problèmes clefs consistent à trouver, à extraire, à raffiner et à distribuer une précieuse matière première. Dans le premier cas la matière première est le pétrole, dans l'autre c'est le savoir-faire humain. On développe cette analogie pour expliquer les principaux aspects technologiques du traitement des connaissances. Cependent le traitement des connaissances est plus qu'une nouvelle industrie intéressante. Les systèmes de connaissances modifieront sensiblement l'économie de l'industrie pétrolière. Plus efficaces que les experts humains, ils sont déjà utilisés de l'exploration à la production et de la recherche à des réalisations industrielles. Cette communication passe en revue ces applications et montre qu'elles forment un réseau rudimentaire initial d'expertise globale à l'échelle mondiale continuel
The process engineering of petroleum refining and chemical processing systems involves the planning and the basic and detailed design of process systems, along with monitoring, control and diagnosis of process plants. Each of these activities consists of synthesis, analysis and optimization followed by appropriate decision making. For process planning and design, analysis and optimization have been carried out with the aid of computers, since the procedure for these activities can be determined in advance. Synthesis has not been fully realised, even though the development of computer-aided process synthesis systems has been attempted for the past fifteen years. However, the heuristic evolutionary approach seems to be promising in practice and expert systems can be expected in that direction. For plant operations, monitoring and control have been carried out with the aid of computers, though limited to applications that exclude abnormal operations. However, the interpretation of plant data and plant diagnosis have been relying on human experts, and it seems these activities are being replaced by expert systems. This paper presents an overview and prospects for the application of expert systems in these areas.
Petroleum distribution in the United States is accomplished through a complex network of pipelines, ships, barges, railroads and trucks. The tradeoff between scale economies and the need for flexibility greatly influences which transportation mode is used in a particular situation. The competitive interplay of the various components of the transportation system in a free market environment has created a distribution system that is as efficient and effective as any in the world. The industry is confronted with many challenging issues, including the relative maturity of the industry, environmental and safety developments, and changing supply patterns. In light of reduced growth opportunities, transportation managers must focus on efficiency improvements, to be achieved largely through application of advanced technology. Technology will also have increasing application to environmental and safety issues. Managers must adapt to changing supply patterns by improving the flexibility of their systems. Restructuring in the industry may represent a few opportunities for growth through timely acquisitions. Overall, the prospects of the industry will continue to be bright if managers adapt to change and develop a broadened perspective of the role in the industry.
- Transportation (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Midstream (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Downstream (1.00)
In introducing the four authors, the Chairman, Mr. C. J. DIBONA, summarized their papers as follows: o Dr. J. A. CHERRY, in his paper on groundwater contamination by petroleum products, points out that, although considerable advances in preventing leaks and spills have been made in recent years, the full effects of past leakage have not yet been observed. Dr. CHERRY argues that priority in using our limited resources for treatment should be given to the most significant aquifers. o Dr. P. F. DETSLER, Jr. seeks to present a disciplined approach to the relationship between risk assessment and risk management, suitable for the development of appropriate responses to risks which are imperfectly known. o Dr. M. C. MACCRACKEN reviews the highly uncertain state of current knowledge of the greenhouse effect, which is potentially capable of changing the worldwide climate over a time scale of decades to centuries. Dr. MACCRACKEN argues that better information is necessary before we can decide what can or should be done to approach the problem, because of the potential major impact on society of either over- or underreaction. o Dr. E. VAN VEEN summarizes a study of the contribution of oil industry operations to total hydrocarbon emissions in Western Europe. The study found that only 9% of total volatile organic compounds emissions was contributed by oil industry operations. Dr. VAN VEEN concludes that, for cost-effectiveness reasons, an overall controlled strategy should be developed which takes into account all sources of volatile organic compounds emissions. four quite different problems, he found a common element in all the papers. They all dealt with the problem of allocating scarce resources for the protection of human health and the environment in the face of substantial uncertainty and imperfect understanding of effects and even mechanisms. There were numerous questions and comments concerning the four papers. Initially, a discussion ensued between the authors and the other members of the Round Table Discussion: the two Vice-Chairmen, Drs. A. H. TORREA and H. W. WITTMEIER, and three panelists, Dr. W. HAFELE, Mr. T. L. THOEM and Dr. C. H. WARD (substituting for Dr. R. C. LOEHR who had an illness in the family). Dr. TORREA asked Dr. CHERRY if he had 16oked at the problem of groundwater contamination by petroleum products from an economic perspective. Dr. CHERRY responded that he had not. The primary focus of his efforts had been to study how contaminants behave in groundwater. He stated that Canada, in particular, is way behind times when it comes to groundwater protection. He knew of only one province, New Brunswick, that seems to be grappling with groundwater contamination. The province is attempting to standardize distances from underground tanks to the water table or to wells. Dr. CHERRY said that, as a hydrolo
- North America > United States (1.00)
- Europe (1.00)
- North America > Canada (0.67)
Abstract. Results of 3D seismic surveys generally permit considerably more reliable interpretations than those from 2D seismics. This can be attributed mainly to the 3D migration, but also to the greater information density and the availability of horizontal seismogram sections. Systematic interpretation of horizontal seismogram sections-in combination with the vertical sectionsfacilitates detailed structural statements. Rapid tying of interpreted horizons and faults between horizontal and vertical sections is facilitated by means of interactive work stations. Results of a 3D survey from the Alpine Molasse are used to illustrate how new structural elements can be found. The cyclic layering of the coal bearing Carboniferous in the Ruhr District sometimes leads to problems in the seismic interpretation, which can be better understood by investigating the reflectivity. Time and again 3D seismic results for investigating the zones ahead of the face in coal deposits have been confirmed by boreholes and mining development. As an example, the influence that seismic exploration has had on the development of a new model for a mine is shown. Résumé. Les résultats de mesures sismiques 3D permettent dans l'ensemble une interprétation beaucoup plus sûre qu'avec la sismique 2D, principalement en raison de la migration 3D, mais aussi de la plus grande densité des données et de la disponibilité des sections de sismogrammes horizontales. L'interprétation systématique des sections de sismogrammes horizontales livre, en liaison avec l'interprétation de sections verticales, des inforinations structurales plus détaillées. L'utilisation de postes de travail interactifs facilite une liaison rapide des horizons et failles interprétés entre sections horizontales et verticales. Les résultats d'une campagne de mesures 3D dans la molasse alpine illustrent comment de nouveaux éléments structuraux peuvent être trouvés. La stratification cyclique du Carbonifère houiller de la Ruhr provoque parfois en interprétation sismique des problèmes que l'étude de la réflectivité permet de mieux comprendre. Dans le cas de la recherche des avancées de gisements houillers, de nombreux résultats de sismique 3D ont déjà été confirmés par forages et exploitation miniers. Par exemple on a montré l'influence de l'exploration sismique sur le développement d'un nouveau modèle de gisement minier. 1. INTRODUCTION vertical sections-supplemented by horizontal sections-entails extensive routine work, such as tying Since the beginning of the '70s 3D seismic methods of horizons and faults, time-depth conversion, plothave been applied in the field development of known ting of time and depth data and the subsequent conh ydrocarbon and coal deposits as
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock > Organic-Rich Rock > Coal (1.00)
- Geology > Structural Geology (1.00)
- Geophysics > Seismic Surveying > Surface Seismic Acquisition (1.00)
- Geophysics > Seismic Surveying > Seismic Processing (1.00)