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Search Sensing and Signal Processing: 4.3.3 Solids
...6 hours at 120 F. Subsequently all rheology was recorded at this temperature. To simulate formation solids, or AIS, approximately 2 vol% of silica flour and OCMA clay were added before dynamic aging using a...odified HTHP Fluid Loss Tests Using 9.3-lb/gal RDF Systems Time #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 Spurt 2.6 2.2 2.4 3.3 3.5 3.2 1 min 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 4 min 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.7 9 min 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.9 1...
... compared to WBM. A low-pH fluid can be utilized to alter the surface wetting characteristic of the solids that it deposits as a filtercake as it converts these from oil-wet to water-wet. This process is re...at the use of either inorganic or organic acids readily and quickly changes the residual filtercake solids to a water-wet state thus, promoting disaggregation of the entrained ...solids. As the bridging ...
...d values range from 200 to 800 volts. Freshly prepared laboratory samples that contain no formation solids will reverse to a water-wet state with as little as 5 mL of acid in a 50-mL sample and exhibit redu...20 mL of acid when there is a sufficient concentration of the amine surfactant. Increased formation solids will also contribute to elevated reversibility values indicating more citric acid is required to re...ely "clean" phases with time and temperature Degrades and dissolves the calcium carbonate bridging solids and buffers in the residual filtercake Mitigates system upsets upon flowback at production facilit...
Abstract Two wells have been designed and completed using a combination of monitoring, isolation and injection control equipment to provide an understanding of injection behavior in extended-reach laterals and possible matrix bypass events (MBE) in the Nikaitchug field in Northern Alaska. These lower completion designs also provided a means to evenly distribute injection along the length of the lateral section as well as a means of mitigation and control of water if necessary. In order to facilitate direct injection, a specifically formulated breaker system was developed to provide a delay to allow spotting in the openhole horizontal prior to running the liner and lower completion injection control assemblies. The ability to place the breaker system after drilling the horizontal mitigated risk associated with temporary flowback when inflow control devices were installed. Both post intervention and flow back were not desired. The breaker system was formulated to provide a delay and allow the liner and injection control assembly to be installed before degradation of the residual filtercake caused uncontrollable losses thus allowing the completion phase to proceed as planned. The filtercake was deposited by a reversible invert reservoir drill-in fluid system used to drill the horizontal sections. The breaker system was unique in that it was blended as an invert emulsion and consisting of an oil continuous phase and an aqueous discontinuous phase that included a glycol acid precursor. An oil-based system was desired to reduce friction thus facilitating the installation of the lower completion hardware for these extended-reach wells. This paper discusses the upfront assessment process, the reversible invert drill-in fluid system, the chemistry and subsequent optimization of the breaker system to achieve the drilling and completion objectives. In addition, the actual field results and lessons learned will be discussed.
- Asia (0.93)
- North America > United States > Alaska (0.66)
- Geology > Sedimentary Geology > Depositional Environment (0.67)
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock > Clastic Rock (0.46)
- Geology > Mineral > Silicate > Phyllosilicate (0.46)
- North America > United States > Alaska > Schrader Bluff Formation (0.99)
- North America > United States > Alaska > North Slope Basin > Western North Slope > Canning Formation (0.99)
- North America > United States > Alaska > Nikaitchuq Field > Schrader Bluff Formation (0.99)
- Information Technology > Communications > Networks > Sensor Networks (0.93)
- Information Technology > Sensing and Signal Processing (0.68)
An innovative Approach Using Micro-Emulsion Treatment Techniques to Remove Sandstone Formation Damage: Lab Testing and Field Application
Almajid, Hussain A. (Saudi Aramco) | Shuwaikhat, Hisham I. (Saudi Aramco) | Abou Zeid, Saleh M. (Saudi Aramco) | Addagalla, Ajay Kumar (Baker Hughes, A GE company)
...lution mg/L Solution mg/L Solution mg/L 3.5 975 3.7 2,589 4.0 4,560 Acetic Acid 3.8 630 4.2 1,789 4.3 3,463 10% 4.1 420 4.8 530 5.2 1,752 3.3 988 3.5 2,853 3.8 4,687 Acetic Acid 3.6 832 3.7 2,367 4.1 3,4...
... along with associated emulsions into a single meso-phase that will allow the acid to break the mud solids into smaller water wet particles. After the OBM particles are broken down and dispersed, the format...ion fluids are able to displace these solids from the damaged zone through the wellbore until it reaches surface. Emulsions generated from the S...
... was a mixture of CH 3 COOH (acetic acid) and surfactant to break down emulsions and disperse mud solids. While the overflush fluid was used to extend the reach of treatment fluid into the formation and r...
Abstract Matrix stimulation treatments executed with coiled tubing (CT) face various challenges in terms of design, execution, and evaluation. The design phase typically relies on information that is usually poorly known (e.g., extent of damage). Treatment pumping schedules and fluid concentrations are often determined based on previous experience and accepted local practices. In most cases, tools like high pressure differential jetting nozzles are used to provide deeper penetration and lower break-out pressures. The depths at which those tools are operated usually depend on a prior log interpretation. Finally, treatment evaluation is typically limited to the comparison of pre and post-stimulation wellhead pressures and rates. Over the past decade, numerous sandstone stimulation treatment alternatives have been introduced to the industry to address formation damage related issues. Yet, the same question often remains: has the design been effectively executed and was the intervention successful? A CT downhole measurement system which consists of downhole gauges providing real-time data of pressure, temperature, gamma ray, and casing collar locator, has proven to be a game-changing technology with respect to treatment execution, improving both intervention efficiency and safety. The downhole measurements, along with the possibility to acquire distributed temperature & pressure (TPD) surveys, have also shown to be the most effective solution for treatment evaluation to date. This paper will describe a case study of how the system can be used to optimize the acidizing treatment of damaged wells and ensure its effective stimulation. It will also demonstrate how the real-time data analysis during the intervention process can result in high success rate of such intervention jobs.
- Asia > Middle East > Saudi Arabia (0.47)
- Europe (0.28)
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock > Clastic Rock > Sandstone (1.00)
- Geology > Mineral > Silicate (1.00)
- Information Technology > Architecture > Real Time Systems (0.95)
- Information Technology > Sensing and Signal Processing (0.75)
...hing in the M7 3 3.3 M8 4 3.4 main reservoir (C10.2 - M8) is close to 1000-1500m in y M8-KB501 4.3 3.6 direction and from 300m to 1000m in x direction. In the M8-KB502 1.25 1.35 tight reservoir (C1...
...mation in double to the presence of fractures - which would be more porous media. Eur. J. Mech. A/Solids 15, n 2, 321-336. realistic for the Krechba reservoir), with a Biot tensor 8. Khalili, N., Vallia...n in double porous media. Eur. J. Mech. Moreover, passive seismic monitoring data and tiltmeter A/Solids, 15, n 2, 321-336. data are also available on this site: these data can deliver 9. Lewis, R.W., P...
ABSTRACT In the context of CCS, we aim at simulating the migration of the CO2 for performance assessment purpose and risk management. In the case of the Krechba reservoir aquifer (In Salah - Algeria), we focus at modeling the reservoir pressure field and the induced ground surface displacement associated with CO2 reinjection. While coupling 3D fluid-flow and geomechanical modelings, we benefit from InSAR satellite surface displacement data in addition to conventional ones. Preliminary results show that adjustment over time of the reservoir mechanical properties is required to match observed displacement data and suggest considering rock properties evolution of media within an explicit coupling modeling approach. 1. INTRODUCTION CO2 storage in geological formations such as deep saline aquifers or depleted oil and gas reservoirs constitutes the Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) option to fight against global warming. In this context, BP, STATOIL and SONATRACH started the In Salah Joint Venture to manage on a series of fields the CO2 produced by re-injecting it in the northern part of the aquifer of the Krechba gas field. The injection started in August 2004 and to date up to 3 million tons of produced CO2 have been re-injected, while 17 million tons being scheduled at least. In the frame of the CO2ReMoVe European project, IFP Energies nouvelles and his partners work at developing tools and methodologies to simulate the CO2 migration within the reservoir and the resulting site behavior of a series of pilot sites (including Krechba). The final objective of this project is to be able to model the short term behavior of the site and to predict its long term at the scale of the storage complex in order to assess the storage integrity and its long term performance. When considering modeling different kinds of data are available: some as input data, others as the targeted ones by the simulation; in this work, our objective is to reproduce the ground deformation data that have been measured by satellite. 2. THE IN SALAH PROJECT The In Salah project concerns a series of gas fields located in central South Algeria (Fig. 1) that contain almost 1 to 10 % of CO2. To export the natural gas, it is necessary for operators to reduce the CO2 concentration to the sales gas export concentration threshold (0.3%). Hence, it was decided, in the In Salah project, to re-inject the captured CO2 into the Krechba reservoir aquifer: this will avoid the emission of approximately 17 millions tons of CO2 and in the same time this will help to study the CCS concept at an industrial scale. To have the most reliable fluid flow modeling representation of our problem, we start with an history matching approach in order to determine the best permeability distribution inside the reservoir that insures matching between the modeling results and the measured data. Preliminary works [5] show that a dual medium representation of the reservoir [6] is necessary to correctly mimic the field data, typical of fractured reservoir.
- Africa > Middle East > Algeria > Tamanrasset Province (0.34)
- Africa > Middle East > Algeria > Ghardaia Province (0.34)
- Africa > Middle East > Algeria > Tamanrasset Province > Ahnet-Timimoun Basin > Krechba Field (0.99)
- Africa > Middle East > Algeria > Ghardaia Province > Ahnet-Timimoun Basin > Krechba Field (0.99)
Committee V.1: Accidental Limit States
Quinton, Bruce (_) | De Luca, Gaetano (_) | Firmandha, Topan (_) | Körgesaar, Mihkel (_) | Le Sourne, Hervé (_) | Nahshon, Ken (_) | Notaro, Gabriele (_) | Parsa, Kourosh (_) | Rudan, Smiljko (_) | Suzuki, Katsuyuki (_) | Banda, Osiris Valdez (_) | Walters, Carey (_) | Wang, Deyu (_) | Yu, Zhaolong (_)
... 33 4.3.3 Collision...
Committee Mandate Concern for accidental limit states (ALS) of ships and offshore structures and their structural components under accidental conditions. Types of accidents considered shall include collision, grounding, dropped objects, explosion, and fire. Attention shall be given to hazard identification, accidental loads and nonlinear structural consequences including residual strength together with related risks. Uncertainties in ALS models for design shall be highlighted. Consideration shall be given to the practical application of methods and to the development of ISSC guidance for quantitative assessment and management of accidental risks. Introduction Ships and offshore structures may be subject to accidental actions during their operation. Design for preventing or minimizing the effects of accidents is termed accidental limit states (ALS) design and is characterized by preventing/minimizing loss of life, environmental damage, and loss of the structure. Collision, grounding, dropped objects, explosion, and fire are traditional accident categories. ALS design seeks to improve the outcomes of accidents by designing in flexibility/redundancy/durability that will permit the operator & crew to deal with the accident more effectively. Mitigations such as redundant systems, fault tolerant systems, and structural-system-level ductility will tend to improve accident outcomes. ALS design is inherently a scenario-driven exercise. Different structures may be subject to different accident scenarios depending on the type of structure and its intended purpose. Determination of appropriate accident scenarios for a particular structure for a particular operation is typically performed via hazard and risk assessment. In general, this committee report discusses newer publications (from approximately 2017 to mid-2021) and references older publications as required for clarity. Chapter 1 introduces the basic terminology, definitions and background information required to discuss ALS. Chapter 2 presents an overview of rule and code design for ALS. Chapter 3 discusses accident hazard and risk analysis. Chapter 4 discusses recent publications relating to analytical, experimental, and numerical modeling of ALS. Chapter 5 discusses ALS related publications for new and emerging research areas. Chapter 6 presents a summary and the recommendations of this committee report. Finally, the appendix contains a benchmark study examining the capability of commercially available finite element analysis software to predict fracture for structures subject to an evolving state of stress. The benchmark study models novel large-pendulum impact experiments on full-scale ship structures.
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- Research Report > New Finding (0.67)
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- Overview > Innovation (0.45)
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- North America > Canada > Alberta > Athabasca Oil Sands > Western Canada Sedimentary Basin > Alberta Basin > Horizon Oil Sands Project (0.89)
- Europe > United Kingdom > North Sea (0.89)
- Europe > Norway > North Sea (0.89)
- (2 more...)
...cts directly on porosity. displacement experiment to get two liquid phases inside the The volume of solids V s is the difference of total volume vuggy-fractured limestone core. of rock V t and empt...
...sible the existence of traps because the blocks of shown schematically in the Figure 1b. Fluid flow solids lose cohesion. channels, indicated by the blue color, are those parts of The third postulate of the...
Abstract This paper presents the results of X-ray scans in vuggy- fractured limestone core studies to determine porosity rock distribution and residual oil and water saturations for mexican core samples. Iodine as the injecting fluid provided a means for detecting water saturation and residual oil saturation. X-ray Computerized Tomography (CT) was applied as an approach for oil and water saturation determination.The tracer (iodine) studies indicated that the water invasion increases with time until to get conduction porosity.CT scans measure the density distribution inside of vuggy-fractured cores and block models samples during X-ray CT laboratory experiments.Firstly, an image processing method for determining, simultaneously, some of basic geometrical characteristics of homogeneous and vuggy-fractured porous media such as secondary porosity, specific surface, mean pore width, mean block thickness, mean fracture width, and absolute permeability is applied in order to characterize the core.Then, oil recovery mechanisms from vuggy-fractured reservoirs were studied because of the large reserves contained in such formations- The estimation of saturation of residual oil is fundamental to oil recovery from vuggy-fractured reservoirs under primary and enhanced recovery processes of practical interest. Saturation of residual oil depends of several petrophysical parameters such as conduction porosity, stagnation porosity, cementation exponent and fluid properties like viscosity of wetting and nonwetting phases. In this paper we present our recent work on imaging dynamic characterization in a vuggy-fractured core (calcareous) with X-ray tomographic techniques.We also perform forced displacement experiment to get two liquid phases inside the vuggy-fractured limestone core. Introduction In this paper some results are presented that the authors have obtained through their studies in the petrophysics area of calcareous sedimentary rocks for the technique of X-rays tomography and considering their results as a subject of interest for the exploitation of hydrocarbons, it puts them to the consideration of the oil community.These studies have led to the conception of a clearer situation and it completes of what is in fact the interior of a vuggy-fractured calcareous rock, which has implications of importance in the area of production in petroleum engineering. The ideas here presented they have been the result of the first ten months of work of investigation of a research project of the IMP, during which the working group has carried out diverse theoretical and experimental experiments on new processes for the analysis and characterization of limestone cores.Maybe the most important conclusion that has reached, during that time, is that the internal geometry of the limestone cores, coming from the most productive mexican oil reservoirs, is in fact much more complex that it is usually described in the specialized literature. A form of exploring the interior of the limestone cores, and to reach conclusions about their internal characteristics, it consists on saturating this rocks with a fluid of well-known properties and then to pass across them X-rays. This was the technique used by the authors in his research works that led directly to the results reported in the paper. Porosity An important characteristic of most sedimentary rocks, included those of a productive formation of hydrocarbons, it is that they have porosity.The porosity of a rock is the relationship between the volume of the empty space Vv, called also porous volume, to the total volume Vt that occupies this rock.
...4::3.3. Loading method Image No. Load(N) Positions In-situ FE-SEM photos of shale under different loadin...
... & Biolzi, L. 1998. Characteristic strength of quasi-brittle materials. J. International journal of solids and structures, 35(31-32), 4191-4203. 15. Lin, Q., & Labuz, J. F. 2013. Fracture of sandstone chara...
ABSTRACT: The study of fracture process zone (FPZ) in layered shale is helpful to understand the mechanism of macroscopic fracture propagation and the principle of multi-scale volume fracture network operation. In this paper, combining the in-situ loading system and digital image correlation analysis technology (DIC), the Micro-scale DIC analysis method is established, and the in-situ three-point bending experiment of the Wufeng shale at millimeter scale is carried out. Based on the results of the Micro-scale DIC analysis, a new method for identifying fracture tips based on correlation coefficients is proposed, which can effectively identify the locations of fracture tips of microscopic fractures in shale under different load levels. Based on the position of the fracture tip and the opening displacement of the micro fracture, the development of the FPZ of shale is divided into three stages: linear elastic damage and initiated FPZ, fully developed FPZ, and fracture growth. The experimental results show that the full developed FPZ length of Wufeng shale is 372 μm, and the critical opening displacement is 0.671 μm. The mode I fracture toughness measured by millimeter-scale shale specimen is (equation), which is 60~69% higher than the test result using centimeter-scale specimens. 1. Introduction Enhanced recovery of shale gas depends on producing a sufficient volume of multiscale crack networks by hydraulic fracturing operations, because a large amount of shale gas is stored in the nanoscale pores of shale reservoir [Chen et al., 2014; Klaver et al., 2015]. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the formation and evolution of artificial fractures in both macro-scale (centimeters to meters) and micro (millimeters to nanometers) scale for designing an efficient fracturing system and evaluating the fracturing effect reasonably. The cracks in the Quasi-brittle materials including rock and concrete basically depend on the local micro-crack area around the crack tip, called the fracture process zone (FPZ)[Lin et al., 2020]. As the inherent properties of rock materials, the size characteristics of FPZ are important for studying the fracture behavior of materials and affect the measurement of fracture toughness [Unatsu et al., 2014; Wei et al.,2016]. Digital image correlation technology is widely used in the study of fracture process zone of rock, which can directly measure the displacement and deformation field of the target surface by comparing the digital images before and after deformation [Li et al., 2018; Morgan, 2015].
- North America > United States > Texas (0.46)
- Asia > China > Sichuan Province (0.28)
- Research Report > New Finding (0.48)
- Research Report > Experimental Study (0.34)
- Asia > China > Sichuan > Sichuan Basin (0.99)
- Asia > China > Shanxi > Ordos Basin > Changqing Field (0.99)
- Asia > China > Shaanxi > Ordos Basin > Changqing Field (0.99)
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...initiation load of 82% of the peak load. At this loading stage, the CTOD (KN) (Pre-peak 3.02 3.14 4.3 3.49 was around 8.5 µm represented by point 'A' on CTOD regime) curve (figure 4a) and can be regar...
...ing experiments on 7. Dugdale, D.S. (1960). Yielding of steel sheets containing slits. J Mech Phys Solids, 8, 100-104. Barre granite can predict three stages of FPZ evolution with reasonably accuracy. 8...
ABSTRACT Fracturing in brittle rocks with an existing crack results in the development of a significant nonlinear region surrounding the crack tip called the fracture process zone. Various experimental and numerical studies have shown that the crack tip parameters such as the crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) and the fracture energy are critically important in characterizing the fracture process zone. In this study, numerical simulations of rock specimens with a center notch subjected to three-point bending were conducted using the extended finite element method (XFEM) along with the cohesive zone model (CZM) to account for fracture process zone. The input parameters of CZM such as the elastic and critical crack opening displacements were first estimated based on the results of three-point bending tests on the center notched Barre granite specimens. Displacements were measured using the two dimensional digital image correlation technique and used to characterize the evolution of the fracture process zone and estimate the parameters of the cohesive zone model. The results from the numerical simulations showed that CZM provided a good agreement with experimental data as it predicted all three stages of cracking from fracture process initiation to macro-crack growth. 1. INTRODUCTION Quasi-brittle materials such as rock and concrete exhibit a significant nonlinear region surrounding the crack tip (Labuz et al., 1987). The non-linear zone is attributed to the concentrated micro-cracking zone (Labuz et al., 1987; Bazant and Planas, 1998), also known as the fracture process zone (FPZ). In laboratory experiments, the evolution of FPZ is critical as the assumption of small-scale yielding (i.e., small FPZ relative to crack length) is often violated (Bazant and Planas, 1998; Tarokh et al., 2017). Several crack initiation and propagation criteria have been developed based on the stress-, strain-, and energy fields at the tip of the flaw (Goncalves and Einstein, 2013). However, most of these criteria are based on linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) and, therefore, do not account for the fracture process zone (Xie et al., 2017). In recent years, the cohesive crack model has been widely used to characterize the fracture process zone in rocks (Ha et al., 2015; Lin et al., 2019a-b; Zhang et al., 2019) The cohesive crack model that was originally proposed by Hillerborg et al. (1976), considered an equivalent crack composed of a traction-free part and a process zone and was used to obtain a better estimate of the fracture energy of the material (Hillerborg et al., 1976; Lin et al., 2019b; Zhang et al., 2019).
- Geology > Geological Subdiscipline > Geomechanics (1.00)
- Geology > Rock Type > Igneous Rock > Granite (0.64)
- Information Technology > Mathematics of Computing (0.81)
- Information Technology > Sensing and Signal Processing > Image Processing (0.35)
...4.3.3. Inclusion if impact of porosity and cracks Table 8. Inclusion of porosity and critical porosity e...
...astic behaviour of multiphase analysis and the constituents' weight (and volume) materials.J. Mech. Solids 11, 127-140. fractions showed a relationship only with hydrostatic bulk 2. Hill, R. (1952). "The el...
ABSTRACT The Geomechanical characterization of reservoir rocks is quite important in petroleum geomechanics applications. Obtaining the geomechanical properties is usually an expensive component of geomechanical studies, as it requires sampling and running intensive lengthy rock mechanics tests. Information from combined rock physics and log data are also useful sources in geomechanical characterization of reservoir rocks. However, for horizontal wellbores, sampling core plugs in all locations along the wellbore is impossible. Rock mechanics tests are commonly destructive tests, and 3D geomechanical models are also uncertain as there is little hard data (vertical wellbore logs, cores and image logs) to support the spatial geomechanical distribution. This study provides a new approach on estimation of geomechanical properties by CT scan image segmentation analysis and X-ray diffraction. The elastic properties are mainly linked to the composite mineralogy of the minerals that form the rock. In this study, the rock mechanics properties obtained from drained triaxial rock mechanics tests were compared against their weight percent of different minerals in sand and clay lenses. Various properties such as uniaxial compressional strength and tensile strength of the rock samples showed a correlation to their weight and volume fraction of the minerals at the plane of failure under triaxial loading. XRD analyses were conducted at the plane of failure, post the failure of the rock under loading. CT scan-based segmentation of the rock samples pre and post failure on the bulk volume of core plugs were analyzed to find their relationship with the geomechanical properties. The constructed correlations and cross-plots can help in estimating the properties of the geomechanical properties in other locations in the same geological zone (i.e. along a horizontal wellbore) by having the rock mechanics test results in a few locations in the reservoir. The methodology was tested on core samples of a field in western Saskatchewan, Canada. This technique provides insight and a rough estimate of elastic and constitutive rock properties without destructing the rocks.
- North America > Canada > Saskatchewan (0.67)
- North America > United States > Colorado (0.46)
- Geology > Geological Subdiscipline > Geomechanics (1.00)
- Geology > Mineral > Silicate > Phyllosilicate (0.97)
- Geophysics > Borehole Geophysics (0.87)
- Geophysics > Seismic Surveying (0.68)
- North America > United States > Wyoming > Laramie Basin > Niobrara Formation (0.99)
- North America > United States > Nebraska > Laramie Basin > Niobrara Formation (0.99)
- North America > United States > Kansas > Laramie Basin > Niobrara Formation (0.99)
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- Information Technology > Sensing and Signal Processing > Image Processing (1.00)
- Information Technology > Artificial Intelligence (0.94)
Committee V.3: Materials and Fabrication Technology
Josefson, Lennart (_) | Anyfantis, Konstantinos (_) | Pinheiro, Bianca de Carvalho (_) | Chen, Bai-Qiao (_) | Dong, Pingsha (_) | Ferrari, Nicole (_) | Gotoh, Koji (_) | Huang, James (_) | Krause, Matthias (_) | Liu, Kun (_) | Paboeuf, Stephane (_) | van Duin, Stephen (_) | Wang, Fang (_) | Zamarin, Albert (_)
...ive hybrid joints... 178 4.3.3 Pipes and hollow structures...
Committee Mandate The committee shall give an overview of current developments in materials and fabrication technologies, and identify knowledge gaps, give recommendations on how to improve design, qualification and approval processes in order to keep pace with upcoming innovations. Further, the Committee shall raise the awareness on challenges from new materials, fabrication processes and increased digitization with respect to structural reliability as well as sustainable benefits. Introduction This report presents recent developments in materials and fabrication technology in the shipping and offshore fields. The current situation in maritime trading is very uncertain with strong disturbances in the container traffic, however at least for 2020, the shipbuilding industry seems, overall, to recover from previous dips, like in 2016. There is a strong development and qualification of new materials, i.e., composites, and processes like additive manufacturing. But mainly there is a strong movement towards digitalization of the ship building industry, i.e., moving towards industry 4.0. Chapter 2 shows recent trends in ship and offshore production, and some national and international research projects in these fields, primarily publicly funded. The development of new metallic materials and composites are dealt with in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 gives an overview of welding methods for steels, fabrication of bi-metallic joints, and metal / composite joints, coatings and recent development s in additive manufacturing in particular WAAM methods. Qualification and approval of new materials and processes, monitoring of new processes and standards for hull construction are discussed in Chapter 5. Chapter 6 describes the development of a digital shipyard, including Digital twins, discrete element simulations and augmented reality. Recent development of simulating mechanical effects of fabrication, and method to mitigate welding deformations are discussed in Chapter 7. Chapter 8 describes two benchmarks, the first deals with the load capacity of sandwich panels with a foam core. This has relevance when approving new materials for ship hulls. We give recommendations on what tests that need to be carried out to show the full load capacity of such a panel. The second benchmark deals with residual deformations when welding a stiffener to a plate. This has relevance when fabricating and assembling larger structures consisting of stiffened plates. It is found that it may be difficult to simulate this process and much consideration must be given to the experimental situation and material modelling to give acceptable results. The benchmarks are presented in detail in Appendices A and B. Finally, Chapter 9 summarizes the report and gives recommendations.
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- Well Completion > Well Integrity > Subsurface corrosion (tubing, casing, completion equipment, conductor) (1.00)
- Production and Well Operations > Production Chemistry, Metallurgy and Biology > Corrosion inhibition and management (including H2S and CO2) (1.00)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Pipelines, Flowlines and Risers > Materials and corrosion (1.00)
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... 33 4.3.3 Collision...
Design for preventing or minimizing the effects of accidents is termed accidental limit states (ALS) design and is characterized by preventing/minimizing loss of life, environmental damage, and loss of the structure. Collision, grounding, dropped objects, explosion, and fire are traditional accident categories.
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