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...Materials and Structures 37, no 11(2004). 20. J.A. Gonzรกlez, A. Molina, M.L. Escudero, C. Andrade, "Errors in the electrochemical evaluation of very small corrosion rates--I. polarization resistance method ...rete", Corrosion Science 25, no 10(1985) 21. J.A. Gonzรกlez, A. Molina, M.L. Escudero, C. Andrade,, "Errors in the electrochemical evaluation of very small corrosion rates--II. Other electrochemical techniqu...n rate of steel in concrete--Measurements beyond the Tafel law", Corrosion Science 47, no 12(2005), Pages 3019-3033 27. C. Andradea, M. Keddamb, X.R. Nรณvoac, M.C. Pรฉrezc, C.M. Rangeld and H. Takenoutib, "E...
...ro resistance ammeter(ZRA). In potentiostatic/galvanostatic mode, a corrosion specimen, counter and reference electrodes are immersed in a solution and its potential/current is controlled, the noise (current/p... the cell is measured as a function of time. In ZRA mode, two identical corrosion specimens and one reference electrode are immersed in the same solution, current is measured between the two working electrodes...re held at the same potential and voltage is measured independently between the two specimens and a reference electrode. Several important parameters through the analysis component are closely related to the c...
...el rebar/bolt in the concrete, Saturated calomel electrode (SCE) and graphite rod acted as working, reference and counter electrode respectively. The shape of rebar/bolt was not defined in this preliminary res...ncrete with the immersion as shown in Figure 1. Corrosion Potential measurement SCE was employed as reference electrode during the measurement of corrosion potential. EIS measurement All EIS of steel rebar w...
Abstract Electrochemical techniques are practical and powerful for monitoring the corrosion process of rebar in the concrete. A brief review of electrochemical techniques used in the concrete industry is given in this paper. The corrosion process of rebar in the concrete with the immersion in NaCl solution was studied with Linear Polarization Resistance (LPR) technique, Electrochemical Frequency Modulation (EFM) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). Polarization resistance of rebar using LPR, EFM and EIS techniques exhibits a good agreement to some degree in the present researches. Analysis of EIS for rebar in the concrete was discussed. An integration of multiple electrochemical techniques into one system is practical and useful for the corrosion monitor and corrosion mechanism of rebar in the concrete.
- Well Completion > Well Integrity > Subsurface corrosion (tubing, casing, completion equipment, conductor) (1.00)
- Production and Well Operations > Production Chemistry, Metallurgy and Biology > Corrosion inhibition and management (including H2S and CO2) (1.00)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Pipelines, Flowlines and Risers > Materials and corrosion (1.00)
...cters well name, lease, operator, field, etc. - Common Well Names standardized by teams - Elevation reference can only be GR, KB, DF, SL or ES - County name must be valid County name - Deviation survey name wi... - Cycle time in loading data - Cycle time in finding, preparing, and moving data - Risk of loading errors - Risk of data becoming lost or unknown - Data duplication - Manual intervention for all data manag...
...to spatial data inaccuracy. For example, it is well documented and understood that datum conversion errors can result in positional ...errors of between 10 and 20 feet (Heggelund, 2008). But a quick calculation based on known average porosit...default values for International instead of U.S. feet and these differences can lead to positioning errors for wells and seismic navigation of up to 50 feet in the southern United States. ...
...orizon grids. The importance of 3-dimensional visualization and display was highlighted to discover errors introduced by export and import between applications. Anadarko also required a user friendly front ...
Copyright 2008, Society of Petroleum Engineers This paper was prepared for presentation at the 2008 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition held in Denver, Colorado, USA, 21-24 September 2008. This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE program committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper have not been reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material does not necessarily reflect any position of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, its officers, or members. Electronic reproduction, distribution, or storage of any part of this paper without the written consent of the Society of Petroleum Engineers is prohibited. Permission to reproduce in print is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words; illustrations may not be copied. The abstract must contain conspicuous acknowledgment of SPE copyright. Abstract Spatial attributes are pervasive in petroleum engineering data. Solutions that create a competitive advantage by effectively using this data require a sustainable architecture with documented workflows to increase user confidence and alleviate engineering risk. The components of a sustainable spatial architecture are; data accessibility, a standard data model, portal consumption and Geographic Information System (GIS) access, and data maintenance and business rules. A full lifecycle solution for management of spatial attributes includes collection from field and public domain sources, quality assessment and control, storage in standardized data models, distribution to analysis applications, and capture in knowledge management and audit systems. Each component and lifecycle stage can impact financial performance of the organization using the geotechnical data. Site assessments and a standard methodology for documentation of processes and components were used to compare solutions and value statements for multiple domestic and international operators. The assessments found that accessibility by end-users impacts quality, accuracy, and confidence related to spatial data. The economic impact of this component is lack of end-user confidence in data tools, and the cost of re-acquiring data. The data model provides feature class intelligence, naming conventions, and attribute accessibility, a standard taxonomy, and a method to move petroleum engineering data into a world of points, lines and polygons. The utility of this component is measured in lost opportunity costs of incomplete analysis, and inconsistent data causing poor drilling decisions. Portal access through service oriented architectures delivers visual and automated quality control of multiple data sources and is documented to save engineering time spent on data discovery and manipulation.
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- Asia > Middle East > Kuwait > Jahra Governorate > Arabian Basin > Widyan Basin > North Kuwait Jurassic (NKJ) Fields > Marrat Formation > Upper Marrat Formation (0.98)
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...PETROPHYSICS, VOL. 60, NO. 3 (JUNE 2019); PAGES 450-465; 17 FIGURES; 5 TABLES. DOI: 10.30632/PJV60N3-2019a8 Wellbore Positioning While Drilling Wi...jono 1 , Dozie Nwosu 1 and Albert Martin 1 ABSTRACT Driller's depth has always been the reference run on several projects around the world. Environmental measurement used when logging while drillin...aise awareness of the impact of LWD dynamic changes the pipe undergoes while in the borehole. depth errors and existing approaches for correcting them. These include dynamic mechanical changes due to drilli...
...y. of depth error for LWD/MWD and wireline depth: The along-hole, LWD depth measurement is a subset Reference error - S, e.g., ...reference to survey datum, of the directional survey, and consists of depth, inclination, wind on block-weigh...nterpolate each survey point cable sag. along the wellbore. The availability of this information in Reference error - R, e.g., waves, weather, tide/ballast, real time aids the positioning of the wellbore in 3D...
...no et al. Table 5--Cause and Effect of Sources of Error on Drillpipe Length LWD Depth Measurement Errors When Below the Rotary Table and Not in Slips LWD depth measurements are performed at the surface,...easurement often making the driller's depth shallower than the actual along-hole depth. The dynamic errors are quantiable and must be corrected to improve the accuracy of the depth measurement. The LWD dept...h is also prone to static and systematic errors that may include equipment, environment, calibration and human ...
ABSTRACT Driller's depth has always been the reference measurement used when logging while drilling (LWD), calculated using the sum of pipe-strap measured while the pipe is on surface. However, environmental corrections must be applied to the driller's depth to account for the dynamic changes the pipe undergoes while in the borehole. These include dynamic mechanical changes due to drilling activities, changes in the wellbore profile, torque, drag, friction factor, and temperature. They all result in LWD depth being shallower than the absolute depth. Understanding the position objectives, assigning the depth uncertainty and environmental modeling to predict the magnitude of depth correction should be applied in advance, along with the surveying technique to be used. These are critical components in the prejob analysis to ensure the position objectives can be met prior to drilling. Over the years, depth correction has successfully been run on several projects around the world. Environmental corrections were applied in various applications to improve the accuracy of the depth and demonstrate the significance of the correction for reservoir development. The intention of this paper is to raise awareness of the impact of LWD depth errors and existing approaches for correcting them. Case studies are presented to demonstrate the benefits derivable from applying depth corrections. In one case, the placement of the pressure and sample points provided the most accurate TVD possible. In another case, the corrected measurement enabled determination of where to set the casing depth to within the expected rat hole. Applying depth correction allows for accurate mapping of the geological markers, reservoir tops, sand continuity, and fluid contacts as well as for setting casing and other drilling applications in offshore deepwater and extended-reach drilling worldwide.
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...ntrol. The first choice to treat subjects by topic rather than by tool type. section consists of 66 pages devoted mostly to error analysis Fortunately, the index is an adequate aid to the fishing and propa...gation of errors. These topics are treated process. in a helpful, concise manner, with examples drawn from The 107-p...guishes between the book. Chapter titles include completeness of information, systematic and random errors, explains the link check of values at surface and downhole, monitoring between uncertainty and conf...
...asion model. 26 2.0 400 454 17 254 Application of tornado charts to real-log situations can produce errors when the actual invasion profile differs I IDPH deep induction Phasor log, IMPH medium in...
...t Cary Purdy appointed a committee to compile of the finance committee, and receipts are required a reference manual for planning future SPWLA Symposia. for reimbursement. Committee members are Fay Osborn (Ch...
Induction logs are usually not run when very conductive The two-dimensional response function of the ID array invasion is expected. There are good reasons why (Figure 2) shows negative peaks at k 50 in along the borehole laterologs are preferred over induction tools in this situation.
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...y) of the evaluation.Table 1 summarizes the typical evaluation program choices and can be used as a reference during subsequent discussions on determination of various reservoir properties. * Table 1 This w...ter-saturation determination * Permeability determination Applying petrophysical techniques The pages linked above will acquaint the reader with the various aspects of the quantitative petrophysical de...ing well logs, these are both assumed to be constant, and those assumptions can lead to significant errors in the calculatedSw values. The Sw calculations from the resistivity logs and the various Archie pa...
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...e global saturation This paper was prepared for presentation at the 2007 SPE Reservoir Simulation errors as long as a sufficient number of streamlines is Symposium held in Houston, Texas, U.S.A., 26-28 F...s are subject to publication review by Editorial Committees of the Society of Petroleum Engineers. reference solutions) are obtained in less than ten minutes Electronic reproduction, distribution, or storage...rangian streamlines. Unfortunately, to address using other approaches. this introduces mass-balance errors that may accumulate Streamline simulators are particularly suitable for solving in time and in turn...
...4 V. Kippe, H. Hรฆgland and K.-A. Lie SPE 106250 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 Reference NSL 100K 0.2 0.2 NSL 50K SPE10 ...reference NSL 25K Finite volume (simplified) NSL 10K Streamlines (simplified) NSL 5K 0.0 0.0 0 500 1000 ...ibility and gravity). any numerical scheme. This can be seen in Fig. 1, which compares a fine-grid reference solution from the SPE10 website (http://www.spe.org/csp/) with two fine-grid traced from the faces ...
...o different grid blocks of Layer 76 -25 in the SPE10 model sampled in 200 200 evenly distributed Reference NSL 100K -30 points inside each block. NSL 50K NSL 25K -35 NSL 10K NSL 5K -40 0 500 1000 1500...amlinesolutions is a well-known problem, and improving the accuracy Fig. 3-- Relative mass-balance errors in the streamline method and mass-balance properties of streamline methods is an for various numb... grid, which will lead the underlying grid using a statistical regression technique to mass-balance errors when mapping saturation between (kriging). This gives a large degree of freedom in distributing the...
Abstract During the last decades, streamline methods have emerged as highly efficient simulation tools that are well-suited for e.g., history matching and simulation of large and complex reservoir models. Streamline methods are based on a sequential solution procedure in which pressure and fluid velocities are computed by solving a pressure equation on a grid in physical space and the fluid transport is computed by solving 1-D transport problems along streamlines. The sequential Eulerian-Lagrangian procedure is the key to the high computational efficiency of streamline methods. On the other hand, it necessitates mapping of saturations (or fluid compositions) back and forth between the Eulerian pressure grid and the Lagrangian streamlines. Unfortunately, this introduces mass-balance errors that may accumulate in time and in turn yield significant errors in production curves. Mass-balance errors might be reduced by considering higher-order mapping algorithms, or by increasing the number of streamlines. Since the computational speed scales linearly with the number of streamlines, it is clearly desirable to use as few streamlines as possible. Here we propose a modification of the standard mapping algorithm that:improves the mass-conservation properties of the method and provides high-accuracy production curves using few streamlines. Mass conservation is improved by changing quantities in the transport equation locally, and we show that these modifications do not significantly affect the global saturation errors as long as a sufficient number of streamlines is used. Moreover, we propose an adaptive strategy for ensuring adequate streamline coverage. The efficiency and accuracy of the modified streamline method is demonstrated for Model 2 from the Tenth SPE Comparative Solution Project. Highly accurate production curves (compared to reference solutions) are obtained in less than ten minutes using one processor on a standard (Intel Core 2 Duo) desktop computer. Introduction Streamline simulation has experienced increasing industry interest and rapid technology development in recent years and is now a very efficient alternative to traditional flow modelling by numerical methods such as finite differences or finite volumes. Modern streamline methods can be used to compute complex flow physics such as compressible three-phase models with full PVT, multicomponent models or dual-porosity models (Thiele et al., 1997; Crane et al., 2000; Di Donato and Blunt, 2004). Still, streamline simulation is most efficient for simplified physical models and engineering queries based on the 80โ20 principle: 80% of the answer in 20% of the time available (Thiele, 2005). In particular, due to its low memory requirements and high computational efficiency, streamline simulation today offers the opportunity to solve outstanding engineering queries that might otherwise be difficult or impossible to address using other approaches.
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...S. H. Ward, P. G. Hallof, W. R. Sill, and P. H. Nelson 1979 Magnetotellurics with a remote magnetic reference, Thomas D. Gamble, Wolfgang M. Goubau, and John Clarke YEARBOOK AWARDS...
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Cymbopogon Citratus and Na2Cr2O7 Performance on Reinforcing-Steel Corrosion in Industrial/Microbial Simulating-Environment: Prospect on Environmentally Friendly Inhibitor
Okeniyi, Joshua Olusegun (Covenant University) | Popoola, Abimbola Patricia Idowu (Tshwane University of Technology) | Okeniyi, Elizabeth Toyin (Covenant University)
...parison with the well-known but toxic inhibitor, Na 2 Cr 2 O 7 (sodium dichromate) as a reference. Equal mass fractions, as percentage by mass/weight of cement (wt%) for concrete mixing, of the pla...
...cy Performance for Tested Admixtures As specified by ASTM G16-13, 48 to avoid grossly erroneous errors, the scatter of the datasets of corrosion rates obtained from the steel-reinforced samples, like th...
... Technique," International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 2014 (2014): Article ID 827130, 9 pages. 3. J.O. Okeniyi, C.A. Loto, A.P.I. Popoola, "Corrosion Inhibition Performance of Rhizophora mangle...
ABSTRACT Electrochemical measurements were obtained from steel-reinforced concrete samples immersed in 0.5 M H2SO4 medium, for simulating industrial/microbial environment, to assess the corrosion-inhibition effects of two admixtures. Cymbopogon citratus (C. citratus) leaf-extract was used in comparison with the well-known but toxic inhibitor, Na2Cr2O7 (sodium dichromate) as a reference. Equal mass fractions, as percentage by mass/weight of cement (wt%) for concrete mixing, of the plant-extract and Na2Cr2O7 were admixed separately in steel-reinforced concrete samples immersed in the industrial/microbial simulating-environment. From these, corrosion-rate by linear polarization-resistance (LPR) and corrosion-potential as per ASTM C876-15 were measured and statistically analyzed as per ASTM G16-13. Corrosion-potential results showed that both admixtures reduced corrosion risk as per ASTM C876-15 criteria. However, high concentrations of C. citratus leaf-extract surpassed the highly effective performance of Na2Cr2O7 at inhibiting reinforcing-steel-corrosion in the test-medium. The 0.417 wt% C. citratus leaf-extract exhibited optimal inhibition efficiency, ? = 92.36% in the study. In comparison, the 0.250 wt% Na2Cr2O7 exhibited the highest inhibition effectiveness performance of ? = 83.96% among the concentrations of Na2Cr2O7 chemical inhibitor. These indicate prospects on the suitability of C. Citratus leaf-extract as an environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitor in the industrial/microbial service environment that are discussed in the study. INTRODUCTION Corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete is a major deterioration mechanism militating against the use of steel-reinforced concrete material, whose structural integrity and durability otherwise makes it the most widely used construction material. Usually, steel-reinforcement corrosion in concrete is caused by aggressive agents in the environments, especially those that are present in the service environment for which the steel-reinforced concrete is designed. Such service environments include those where the reaction of industrial SO2 effluents with atmospheric water vapor culminates in the production of sulfuric acid. Also included in these service environments are microbial environments where biological activities of sulfate reducing and sulfur oxidizing microorganisms (e.g. thiobacillus spp.) result in the production of sulfuric acid. The acidic sulfate in these environments attacks both the concrete, by forming gypsum and ettringite with hydrated products of the concrete matrix, and the reinforcing steel embedment, which corrodes by acidic dissolution and/or embrittlement.
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... or free Preprints. About All members, except the Committee of Honor and one form in four contained errors, necessitating special the General Lecturers, paid a $15 registratior, fee. correspondence with the...
...on functioned smoothly, even on June 1, overlap caused some confusion. when the load was heaviest. Errors were relatively The rate at which advance registrations were received few and were corrected either...
...s room to carry into the adjacent room. The Coliseum 1. The Special Libraries Association installed reference air conditioning system proved to be satisfactory. library facilities in the members' lounge. This ...pful to the delegates. composition board. Above this wainscoting, grey fireproof In addition to key reference works, the staff bombay crash cloth was used as a decorative provided research services through the...
SUMMARY. This repori discusses the organization and conduct of the Fifth World Petroteurn Congress, held at the New York Coliseum May 30 to June 5, 1959. Organization began in the Fall of 1955 and was formalized in June 1956 with the formation of the Fifth World Petrolcum Congress, Inc. and the appointment of a General Secretary. A budget of approx'mately one million dollars was adopted, of which about $490,000 was subscribed by the U.S. oil industry. Late in 1957, the SecreFariat stafT began to grow steadily, and just before the Congress it totalled 36 people. During the Congress itrelf there were 185 people engaged in providing a great variety of serviecs and facilities. There were 4,410 registered Congress members from 53 countries, and 919 accompanying people. Advance registration began in December 1958. Prior to the op-ning of the Congress, 3,371 members and 788 accompanying people were registered. Major events included the Opening and Closing Ceremonies, a reception for all registrants, a formal banquet, a symphony concert, and Radio City Music Hall performances. There were four General Lectures by outstanding men, covering subjects of broad interest to the industry.. in extensive ladie's entertainment program was organized and carried out by the Desk and Derrick Club of New York. A special feature of the Congreis was the program of 12 industry tours, covering much of the United States. The technical program was organized into nine major sections of petroleum technology, plus an additional section on applications of atcmic energy to the industry. There were 278 papers contributed from 30 countries. Authors presented 20-minute summaries of these, in cither French or English, in 93 sessions. There were four additional papers for three special one-day symposia. All p apex hut one were preprinted. Members were entitled to a set of Preprints for any aection of their choice, and additional copies were available at 259 a copy. All papers and discussions are printed in the appropriate volumes of these Proceedings. An Exposition of equipment and services for the industry added to the value of the Congress and also helped defray costs. There were 364 companies represented ar.d over 15,000 people visited the exhibits. Public and Press Relations played an important part in generating interest in the Congress and informing the public of the industry's contributions to progress towards better living. CHAPTER 1 GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF THE CONGRESS During the Fourth World Petroleum Congress The Fifth World Petroleum Congress, Inc. held in Rome in 1955, Mr. Frank M. Porter, Presi- In the Fall of 1955, the Chairman of the U. S. dent of the Amcrican Petroleum Institute, on behalf Committee for the Fourth Congress called a meeting of the United States Committee for the Fourth World of the U. S. A. members of the Permanent Council, Petroleum Congress, invited the Permanent Council and Vice-chairmen of the U. S. Comm
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... in the gamma log procedures. Conaway (1980) published a paper describing the presence of nonlinear errors in uranium grades calculated from gamma log responses generated in thin mineralized zones. The erro...
... equivalent countrate produced by the background sources is will result in the presence of residual errors in the calculated negligible. The maximum K20 and 232Th concentrations grade values. If appropriate... the geology, corrections are radiometrically equivalent to 0.0018 and 0.0027% U308 for some of the errors may be possible. Unfortunately, most respectively. In comparison to the minimum considered such dat...ude background as follows: values. Finally, unrecoverable uranium from all The variance of residual errors is minimal. This implies that whatever corrections are possible have been applied. There is no evid...
...er possible to minimize or eliminate nonlinear Handbook, NATO-sponsored Advanced Study Institute on errors arising from the relationship between Z-effect, zone Methods of Prospecting for Uranium Minerals, P...bration: US Department of Energy, Report GJBX-61(76), 7 p. caveat that filtering will not eliminate errors originating Duray, J., 1981, Standard test method for the calibration of grosscount from other fact...
Quantitative calibration of total-count gamma ray logging systems assumes that a linear relationship exists between log response and uranium concentration. Analysis of logging results obtained in the Copper Mountain uranium deposits, located in north-central Wyoming, indicates the log response varies nonlinearly with uranium concentration as measured by core assays. This relationship is attributed to differential gamma attenuation effects that vary nonlinearly with the thickness of mineralized zones. Application of linear KFactors, derived by conventional calibration procedures, in field logging environments characterized by very thin mineralized zones can result in conditionally biased uranium grades and lead to serious overestimation of reserves. Biased results can be precluded by employing logging tools with filtered detectors or by applying in-situ site-specific calibration based on a nonlinear relationship between log response and uranium concentration.
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