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Search waterflooding: PetroWiki
- Information Technology > Knowledge Management (0.40)
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Water Injection: Introducing water into a subsurface horizon that may or may not include a hydrocarbon accumulation or reservoir. This includes (Salt) Water Disposal; Pressure Maintenance and Water Flood Operations. The water may come from multiple sources including production or stimulation operations, surface sources or an aquifer, usually a different horizon. Water sourced from Operations or Surface are generally treated for injection. The following 155 pages are in this category, out of 155 total.
- Water & Waste Management > Water Management > Lifecycle > Disposal/Injection (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Information Technology > Knowledge Management (0.40)
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In the early days of the oil industry, saline water or brine frequently was produced from a well along with oil, and as the oil-production rate declined, the water-production rate often would increase. This water typically was disposed of by dumping it into nearby streams or rivers. In the 1920s, the practice began of reinjecting the produced water into porous and permeable subsurface formations, including the reservoir interval from which the oil and water originally had come. By the 1930s, reinjection of produced water had become a common oilfield practice. Reinjection of water was first done systematically in the Bradford oil field of Pennsylvania, U.S.A.[5] There, the initial "circle-flood" approach was replaced by a "line flood," in which two rows of producing wells were staggered on both sides of an equally spaced row of water-injection wells. In the 1920s, besides the line flood, a "five-spot" well layout was used (so named because its pattern is like that of the five spots on ...
- North America > United States > Alaska > North Slope Borough (1.00)
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- North America > United States > Texas (0.68)
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock (1.00)
- Geology > Geological Subdiscipline (0.94)
- Geology > Sedimentary Geology (0.68)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Water & Waste Management > Water Management > Lifecycle > Disposal/Injection (0.36)
- North America > United States > Texas > Permian Basin > Yeso Formation (0.99)
- North America > United States > Texas > Permian Basin > Yates Formation (0.99)
- North America > United States > Texas > Permian Basin > Wolfcamp Formation (0.99)
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Miscible injection is a proven, economically viable process that significantly increases oil recovery from many different types of reservoirs. Fieldwide projects have been implemented in fields around the world, with most of these projects being onshore North American fields. Many of these projects are quite mature, making the recovery and production-rate benefits well established. As a result, the ability to predict recovery levels, rate improvements, costs, and resulting economics can now be considered proven and reliable. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce some fundamental concepts about miscible displacement, suggest some methods of predicting the benefits of miscible injection, and present a few field examples that demonstrate what has been accomplished with miscible injection. The schematics at the bottom of Figure 1.3 illustrate the pore-level recovery mechanisms discussed earlier (Figure 1.2). At the end of the waterflood, residual oil is a discontinuous phase that occupies approximately 40% of the pore space. Early in the miscible flood [3.0 to 3.5 total pore volumes (PV) injected], some of this oil has been miscibly displaced by solvent from the higher-permeability flow path (on the pore scale). However, some oil also has been initially bypassed by solvent. Note that this bypassing at the pore level is much different from solvent bypassing, which can occur at the field scale because of larger-scale reservoir heterogeneities. As depicted in the schematic corresponding to late in the flood (to 7.0 total PV injected), part of this locally bypassed oil is subsequently recovered by extraction and swelling that takes place as solvent continues to flow past the bypassed oil. In this case, approximately 30% of the total amount of oil recovered by the CO2 flood was recovered by extraction and swelling. After Jerauld (solid lines are the reference model, and dashed lines are the scaleup model).[24] In field projects in which the displacement was above either the MMP or the MME, residual oil saturation determined by coring behind the solvent front varied from approximately 3 to 10% PV.[26]
- North America > United States > Florida > Jay Field (0.99)
- North America > United States > Alaska > North Slope Basin > Prudhoe Bay Field (0.99)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Fluid Dynamics > Flow in porous media (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Improved and Enhanced Recovery > Waterflooding (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Improved and Enhanced Recovery > Steam-solvent combination methods (1.00)
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...Content of PetroWiki is intended for personal use only and to supplement, not replace, engineering judgment. SPE disclai...
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