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Results
Abstract Carbonate formations are very complex in their pore structure and exhibit a wide variety of pore classes. Pore classes such as interparticle porosity, moldic porosity, vuggy porosity, intercrystalline porosity, and microporosity. Understanding the role of pore class on the performance of emulsified acid treatment and characterizing the physics of the flow inside is the objective of our study. The study was performed using vuggy dolomite cores that represent mainly the vuggy porosity dominated structure, while the homogenous cores represent the intercrystalline pore structure. Core flood runs were conducted on 6 × 1.5 in. cores using emulsified acid formulated at 1 vol% emulsifier and 0.7 acid volume fraction. The objective of this set of experiments is to determine the acid pore volume to breakthrough for each carbonate pore class at different injection rates. In this paper, a novel approach to interpret the core flood run results using thin section observations, tracer experiments, SEM, and resistivity measurements will be presented. Thin section observations provide means to study the vugs size and their distribution, connectivity, and explain the contribution of the pore class in the acid propagation. Relating the rotating disk experiments of emulsified acid with dolomite to our core flood run results will be also conducted in order. The acid pore volumes to breakthrough for vuggy porosity dominated rocks were observed to be much lower than that for homogenous carbonates (intercrystalline pore structure). Also, the wormhole dissolution pattern was found to be significantly different in vuggy rocks than that in homogenous ones. Comparison of thin section observations, tracer results and the core flood runs results indicates that the vugs are distributed in a manner that creates a preferential flow path which can cause a rapid acid breakthrough and effective wormholing than those with a uniform pore structure. Rotating disk experiment results, demonstrating that the reaction of emulsified acid with dolomite is much lower than that with calcite, showed that the reaction kinetics played a role in determining the wormhole pattern.
- Research Report > New Finding (0.88)
- Research Report > Experimental Study (0.68)
Abstract The Middle Minagish Oolite Formation is 450 to 550 feet thick interval of porous limestone reservoir, composed of peloidal/skeletal grainstones with lesser amount of packstone, oolitic grainstone, wackstone and mudstone in Umm Gudair field, West Kuwait. It is characterized by small scale reservoir heterogeneity, primarily related to the depositional as well as diagenetic features. Capturing reservoir properties in micro scale and its spatial variation needs special attention in this reservoir due to its inherent anisotropy. Reservoir properties will depend on the level that we are analyzing on reservoir (millimeter to meter scale). Here we used Electrical Borehole Image (EBI) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) to capture small scale feature of Umm Gudair carbonate reservoir and compared them with core data In present work, reservoir properties (including texture, facies, porosity and permeability) interpreted by the EBI shows good match with NMR driven properties and core data. Textural changes in image logs also match well with pore size distribution from NMR logs. Further highly porous zones which are considered either due to primary porosity or vugs match with larger pores of NMR logs and these corroborates with also core derived porosity. A good match has been observed between EBI, NMR and cored derived porosity. Permeability calculations have also been made and compared with core data. A detail workflow has been developed here to interpret reservoir properties on un-cored wells, where only low vertical resolution data is available. This technique is quite useful to identify the characters and mode of origin highly porous zones in reservoir section which are generally not identifiable by low resolution standard logs. This workflow will allow us to interpret the heterogeneity at high resolution level in un-cored wells, as results are validated with integration of EBI, NMR and core data.
- North America > United States > Texas (1.00)
- Asia > Middle East > Kuwait (0.88)
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock > Carbonate Rock (1.00)
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock > Clastic Rock > Mudrock (0.34)
- Geophysics > Seismic Surveying > Borehole Seismic Surveying (1.00)
- Geophysics > Borehole Geophysics (1.00)
- North America > United States > Texas > Permian Basin > Yeso Formation (0.99)
- North America > United States > Texas > Permian Basin > Yates Formation (0.99)
- North America > United States > Texas > Permian Basin > Wolfcamp Formation (0.99)
- (40 more...)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Fluid Dynamics > Flow in porous media (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Characterization > Geologic modeling (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Formation Evaluation & Management > Open hole/cased hole log analysis (1.00)
- Production and Well Operations > Well & Reservoir Surveillance and Monitoring > Borehole imaging and wellbore seismic (1.00)
Increasing Oil Recovery with CO2 Miscible Injection: Thani Reservoir, Abu-Dhabi Giant Off-Shore Oil Field Case Study
Aljarwan, Abdulla (ADMA-OPCO) | Belhaj, Hadi (Petroleum Institute, Abu Dhabi, UAE) | Haroun, Mohamed (Petroleum Institute, Abu Dhabi, UAE) | Ghedan, Shawket G. (Computer Modeling Group, Ltd, Calgary, Canada)
Abstract This paper aims to study the miscibility features of CO2 miscible injection to enhanced oil recovery from Thani-III reservoir. A Comprehensive simulation model was used to determine multi contact miscibility and suitable equation of state with CO2 as a separate pseudo component using one of the industry’s standard simulation software. Experimental PVT data for bottom hole and separator samples including compositional analysis, differential liberation test, separator tests, constant composition expansion, viscosity measurements and swelling tests for pure CO2 were used to generate and validate the model. In addition to that, simulation studies were conducted to produce coreflooding and slimtube experimental models, which were compared with the conclusions drawn from experimental results. Results of this study have shown comparable results with the lab experimental data in regards to minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) calculation and recovery factor estimation, where the marginal errors between both data sets were no more than 7% at its worst. Results from this study are expected to assist the operator of this field to plan and implement a very attractive enhanced oil recovery program, giving that other factors are well accounted for such as asphaltene deposition, reservoir pressure maintenance, oil saturation, CO2 sequestering and choosing the most appropriate time to maximize the net positive value (NPV) and expected project gain.
- North America > United States > Texas (0.93)
- Asia > Middle East > UAE > Abu Dhabi Emirate > Abu Dhabi (0.50)
- North America > United States > Texas > Permian Basin > Yeso Formation (0.99)
- North America > United States > Texas > Permian Basin > Yates Formation (0.99)
- North America > United States > Texas > Permian Basin > Wolfcamp Formation (0.99)
- (22 more...)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Fluid Dynamics > Flow in porous media (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Improved and Enhanced Recovery > Chemical flooding methods (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Formation Evaluation & Management > Drillstem/well testing (1.00)
- (4 more...)
Abstract whole level of the erosion and the resistance of rocks which were composed closured have been studied, besides, the impact of temperature and laser irradiation for more investigation about this issue has been involved before all. This subject more reveals the matter which laser absorption on the laboratory scale using laser to what extent can cause the augment of the relative permeability and secondary porosity of reservoir rock, that of the vertical and horizontal useful connectivity and eventually that of the positive transferability. This research has been carried out in the form of case study on one of Iranian south west formations in north east of Behbahan city in Iran, either the rate or generation of forming the subtle and large fractures has been studied by considering and preparing this section from rocks of stratified sequence of the laboratory area before and after the laser irradiation operation and various analyzer by the means of Spectrophotometer and advanced electron microscope. It should be noted that during the erosion and ablation in the laser drilling operation in the experimental rocks of considered field, given the capability of the field, the formation and field lithology we observed the creation of fractures at the level of micro and nano simultaneously whose vacant spaces were positive, and reservoir and some others were neutral, this fractures can be created by the rate of crude oil absorption. The main purpose of this study is to advance the operations towards the higher technology in order to the better efficiency in the field of the well completion to be gained improving the rate of oil production by the introduction of this modern method of improving and fracturing reservoir which uses certain specialized parameters and indicators, and, finally, the certain method that might be a better way to use laser irradiation on our chosen formation of Iran.
- Asia > Middle East > Iran (0.90)
- North America > United States > Texas (0.69)
Abstract The field X is a brown heavy oil field producing under strong bottom water drive since the mid-1980. Production is from a combination of Amin aeolian and Al Khlata glacial reservoir sediments. At present, the development is focused on drilling horizontal infill wells. One of the biggest challenges is the unfavorable mobility contrast between the heavy oil and water causing early water breakthrough. The Amin Formation, the primary reservoir, is characterized by a high net to gross ratio and an average porosity of 30 %. However the initial hydrocarbon saturation at the same porosity often varies by 20 % in different parts of the field. Furthermore, core measurements show an order of magnitude scatter in permeability at the same porosity, indicating the presence of different facies. In early studies these variations were attributed mainly to the grain size variations. A later petrographical study found that the abundance of clays and feldspars could also severely reduce permeability, but may retain high porosity. In the current Study it was found that the rocks have variable radioactivity due to the presence of radioactive Potassium isotope associated with feldspars. A fare correlation was observed between the grain size and the content of feldspars from core. A novel approach to reservoir characterization integrating core and logs was developed leading to a major breakthrough in the reservoir characterization including: Enhanced permeability prediction using normalized Gamma Ray (GR) log as 3rd parameter; Facies identification using normalized Gamma Ray cut-off; Facies based Saturation-Height models. This work is a good example of advances in reservoir characterization achieved by integrating core and log data. It results in better understanding of reservoir properties distribution, optimization of completions of new wells and improvement of further development scenarios. In particular, abnormally high gross production and high water cut in the north of the field is currently in line with new facies scheme.
- Geology > Petroleum Play Type > Unconventional Play > Heavy Oil Play (1.00)
- Geology > Mineral > Silicate > Tectosilicate > Feldspar (0.66)
- Asia > Middle East > Oman > South Oman > South Oman Salt Basin > Al Khlata Formation (0.99)
- Asia > Middle East > Oman > Central Oman > South Oman Salt Basin > Nahr Umr Formation (0.94)
Abstract Carbon dioxide (CO2) flooding is a conventional process in which the CO2 is injected into the oil reservoir to increase the quantity of extracting oil. This process also controls the amount of released CO2 as a greenhouse gas in the atmosphere which is known as CO2 sequestration process. However, the mobility of the CO2 inside the hydrocarbon reservoir is higher than the crude oil and always viscous fingering and gravity override problems occur during a CO2 injection. The most common method to overcome these problems is to trap the gas bubbles in the liquid phase in form of aqueous foam prior to CO2 injection. Although, the aqueous foams are not thermodynamically stable, the special care should be considered to ensure about bulk foam preparation and stability. Selection of a proper foaming agent from a large number of available surfactants is the main step in the bulk foam preparation. To meet this purpose, many chemical and crude oil based surfactants have been reported but most of them are not sustainable and have disposal problems. The objective of this experimental study is to employ Lingosulfonate and Alkyl Polyglucosides (APGs) as two sustainable foaming agents for the bulk foam stability investigations and foam flooding performance in porous media. In the initial part, the bulk foam stability results showed that APGs provided more stable foams in compare with Lingosulfonate in all surfactant concentrations. In the second part, the results indicated that the bulk foam stability measurements provide a good indication of foam mobility in porous media. The foaming agent’s concentration which provided the maximum foam stability also gave the highest value of mobility reduction in porous media.
- Asia (0.96)
- North America > United States > Texas (0.47)
- Research Report > New Finding (0.54)
- Research Report > Experimental Study (0.34)
Abstract This paper presents a novel implementation for evolutionary algorithms in oil and gas reservoirs history matching problems. The reservoir history is divided into time segments. In each time segment, a penalty function is constructed that quantifies the mismatch between the measurements and the simulated measurements, using only the measurements available up to the current time segment. An evolutionary optimization algorithm is used, in each time segment, to search for the optimal reservoir permeability and porosity parameters. The penalty function varies between segments; yet the optimal reservoir characterization is common among all the constructed penalty functions. A population of the reservoir characterizations evolves among subsequent time segments through minimizing different penalty functions. The advantage of this implementation is two fold. First, the computational cost of the history matching process is significantly reduced. Second, problem constraints can be included in the penalty function to produce more realistic solutions. The proposed concept of dynamic penalty function is applicable to any evolutionary algorithm. In this paper, the implementation is carried out using genetic algorithms. Two case studies are presented in this paper: a synthetic case study and the PUNQ-S3 field case study. A computational cost analysis that demonstrates the computational advantage of the proposed method is presented.
- North America > United States > Texas (0.46)
- Asia > Middle East > UAE (0.28)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Simulation > History matching (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Fluid Dynamics > Flow in porous media (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Characterization (1.00)
- Data Science & Engineering Analytics > Information Management and Systems > Artificial intelligence (1.00)
Abstract During recent years there has been a significant increase in the use of filter cake removal systems that involve in-situ release of formic or lactic acid during the clean-up stages of the reservoir section, particularly in limestone formations. Furthermore, there have been opportunities to compare the field performance of these relatively small applications of weak, organic acids with significantly larger application volumes of highly concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl). Surprisingly, some results showed that the smaller volumes of the weaker, organic acids could have equivalent or better performance than that produced by the more traditional HCl-based treatments. In particular this relationship was also observed in cases where the volume of HCl applied had significantly greater power to dissolve limestone than was the case for treatment with the more successful organic acid. It is well known that productivity of wells in carbonate reservoirs is usually greatly improved by treatments designed to remove the filter cake and the low-permeability zone created by the drilling process, but it is not obvious why smaller volumes per foot of weak organic acid should be more effective than larger volumes per foot of stronger and more concentrated mineral acid. It has been observed that the acid precursors which release the in-situ acids are applied to the formation in a neutral condition. The paper discusses the implications of using neutral acid precursors, and laboratory data is presented showing the effects of such treatments on the near-wellbore matrix permeability.
- Asia > Middle East > Kuwait (0.29)
- Asia > Middle East > Qatar (0.28)
- Asia > Middle East > Qatar > Arabian Gulf > Arabian Basin > Arabian Gulf Basin > Block 6 > Al Khalij Field > Mishrif Formation (0.99)
- Asia > Middle East > Kuwait > Ahmadi Governorate > Arabian Basin > Widyan Basin > Umm Gudair Field > Marrat Formation > Sargelu Formation (0.99)
- Asia > Middle East > Kuwait > Ahmadi Governorate > Arabian Basin > Widyan Basin > Umm Gudair Field > Marrat Formation > Najmah Formation (0.99)
- (4 more...)
Abstract Oil or gas effective and relative permeabilities can be reduced to a great extent due to the invading liquid phase of the drill-in or completion fluid, contrary to the misconception that formation damage is less of a concern in lower permeability reservoirs (e.g., less than 5 md). Many laboratory, well logging, and formation tester data proved that mud filtrate (both from water- and oil-based muds) can deeply invade the formation enhanced by capillary forces. This will result in reduction of the oil or gas effective permeability, especially if the formation exhibits fluid emulsion blocks and phase trapping. Unfavorable interaction of the filtrate with the reservoir fluids and rock minerals can generate emulsions and precipitates. The same scenario may occur in hydraulically fractured formations. An integrated multidisciplinary approach is pursued in this study to evaluate formation damage/remediation potential of low permeability reservoirs. The techniques involve different formation evaluation methods including core analysis, well logging, and well testing along with various cleanup scenarios. Furthermore, results from petrographic analysis and laboratory experiments (Micro and Macroscopic scales) are related and correlated with the larger Mesoscopic and Megascopic scales of well logs and well testing, respectively. Results of these efforts lead to the following technical contributions; a) Delineation of the low permeability heterogeneous reservoirs, e.g. the Leduce carbonates, into their hydraulic units. b) Determination of the undamaged formation absolute and relative permeabilities along with the diameter of filtrate invasion. c) A rule of thumb is to minimize or prevent damage from taking place by selecting a drilling fluid that quickly forms an easily removable mudcake. d) Cleaning up damage due to water filtrate may be accomplished by just flowing the well and can be accelerated using solvents or surfactants. However, once the formation reaches its irreducible water saturation, remediating water saturation below the irreducible value may not significantly improve its permeability.
- North America > United States > Oklahoma (0.46)
- North America > Canada > Alberta (0.28)
- Geology > Mineral > Silicate (0.98)
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock > Clastic Rock > Sandstone (0.46)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (0.35)
- North America > Canada > Saskatchewan > Western Canada Sedimentary Basin > Alberta Basin (0.94)
- North America > Canada > Northwest Territories > Western Canada Sedimentary Basin > Alberta Basin (0.94)
- North America > Canada > Manitoba > Western Canada Sedimentary Basin > Alberta Basin (0.94)
- (3 more...)
Abstract Thread compound "dope" in the vernacular, has been used routinely in assembling joints of casing and tubing. The practice in almost universal application in the oil and gas industry involves the manual application of the lubricant in a fashion that is rudimentary, non-systematic and unquantifiable. There is evidence presented in this paper that damage to the near-well zone and other unpleasant events may be associated with the thread compound. This paper presents the results of both laboratory and field investigations quantifying the effects of the dope on near-well damage. During the assembly of tubing and casing a portion of the thread compound is exuded inside and outside the connection and gets access to the well fluids through the tubing and annular space. Studies presented here show that the dope forms a suspension which penetrates and damages the formation. The studies used standard fluid circulation velocities during typical completion operations. To characterize and quantify the problem, core samples from the El Tordillo field, with different permeabilities were used. The samples were subjected to the circulation of the suspension created by the thread compound and the completion fluid, measuring the change in the core permeability. The work simulated the well conditions during water injection for water injection wells and during acid treatments for producer wells. A significant reduction in permeability, manifested by a fast and a very large increase in pressure, was measured, at the front face of the core sample. The same measurements showed a far smaller impact in the core body suggesting very minor penetration of dope particles. This paper describes the laboratory and field work, with description of the test protocols, well conditions and laboratory emulation of field conditions that were used.
- Well Completion > Completion Installation and Operations (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Fluid Dynamics > Flow in porous media (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Improved and Enhanced Recovery (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Formation Evaluation & Management > Core analysis (0.90)