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Features of Modeling the Load from Hummocks in the Ice Basin
Bekker, Alexander T. (Far East Federal University, Vladivostok) | Anokhin, Pavel V. (Far East Federal University, Vladivostok) | Sabodash, Olga A. (Far East Federal University, Vladivostok) | Nechiporenko, Grigoriy Yu. (Far East Federal University, Vladivostok) | Kornishin, Konstantin A. (Arctic Research Centre, Moscow) | Efimov, Yaroslav O. (Arctic Research Centre, Moscow) | Tarasov, Petr A. (Arctic Research Centre, Moscow) | Demidov, Valentin A. (Arctic LNG 2)
_ This article deals with the modeling of the impact in the ice basin on offshore oil and gas structures (OOGS) from the hummock, the field data of which were studied during Arctic expeditions in the Khatanga Bay of the Laptev Sea. The ice basin is located in the ice laboratory at the Far Eastern Federal University (FEFU) in Vladivostok. The room is equipped with a modernized freezer, which allows one to maintain a given temperature regime quickly and in a wide range to control the mode of freezing ice. The ice basin allows for the modeling of hummocks on an acceptable scale. A rectangular steel indenter was used as a model of the structure. Models of hummocks were made according to a specially developed technology. The methodology for conducting model tests in the ice basin included the manufacture of hummock models, testing by introducing an indenter into the body of a hummock model with a given speed, registration of the required parameters of the experiment (contact force, speed of movement of the indenter, geometric dimensions of the hummock model, and physical and mechanical properties of the ice formation model), and photo and video fixation of the process of interaction of the indenter with the model hummock above and below water. A total of eight experiments were conducted. The study was carried out in compliance with the similarity criteriaโgeometric, kinematic, and dynamicโto recalculate the results from model tests to full-scale values. The results obtained can be used in the analysis of the processes of ice load formation at the OOGS on the shelf of freezing seas.
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- North America > United States > California (0.46)
- Asia > Russia > Far Eastern Federal District > Primorsky Krai > Vladivostok (0.24)
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- Research Report > Experimental Study (0.48)
A Pickett plot is a method used in petrophysical analysis to evaluate formation characteristics of conventional, granular reservoirs. It was developed by professor George Pickett. The method provides a graphical solution to Archie's equation to determine water saturation of a reservoir by plotting resistivity versus porosity on a log-log scale.[1] The Pickett plot is based on a pattern recognition approach to solving Archie's equation without the need for many of the constants that are often unknown. One benefit to this pattern recognition approach is that the water saturation can be derived without having any calibration data for the porosity measuring device, including grain density, etc. as well as not having to know the resistivity of the formation water.
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The wave equation is based on two fundamental laws. Hooke's law says that stress is proportional to strain, and Newton's law says that force equals mass times acceleration. From the wave equation, we can predict the existence of compressional waves and shear waves and their properties. These properties include Snell's law of reflection and refraction, the partition of energy at an interface into compressional and shear components, the generation of surface waves and their characteristics, the diffraction of waves, the attenuation of waves as they travel in the earth, and many other facts of wave propagation. All migration procedures invoke the wave equation (Loewenthal et al., 1976[1]).
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Figure 6.4-4 shows the modeled CMP gather before and after t2-stretching. Note that the hyperbolas in Figure 6.4-4a are replaced with parabolas in Figure 6.4-4b. As mentioned earlier, a nice property of the parabolic moveout is that it is invariant along the axis tโฒ t2 for a specific value of velocity (equation 12). The sampling rate along the t2-axis was set equal to tโฒ/nt, where nt is the number of samples along the t-axis. There can be a potential problem of aliasing near t 0, causing frequency distortion for shallow events.
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Deconvolution and other multiple-removing methods ideally produce a trace that consists of primary reflections only. Such deconvolved traces can be used for imaging. The deconvolved trace f ( S, R, t) {\displaystyle {\textit {f}}\left(S,R,t\right)} gives the amplitude of the reflected signal as a function of two-way traveltime t, which is given in milliseconds from the time that the source is activated. We know S, we know R, we know t, and we know f ( S, R, t) {\displaystyle f\left(S,R,t\right)} . The problem is to find D, which is the depth point at which the reflection occurred.
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Geotechnical engineering is the branch of civil engineering concerned with the engineering behavior of earth materials. Geotechnical engineering is important in civil engineering, but also has applications in military, mining, petroleum and other engineering disciplines that are concerned with construction occurring on the surface or within the ground. Geotechnical engineering uses principles of soil mechanics and rock mechanics to investigate subsurface conditions and materials; determine the relevant physical/mechanical and chemical properties of these materials; evaluate stability of natural slopes and man-made soil deposits; assess risks posed by site conditions; design earthworks and structure foundations; and monitor site conditions, earthwork and foundation construction. A typical geotechnical engineering project begins with a review of project needs to define the required material properties. Then follows a site investigation of soil, rock, fault distribution and bedrock properties on and below an area of interest to determine their engineering properties including how they will interact with, on or in a proposed construction.
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Construction is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure.[1] Construction differs from manufacturing in that manufacturing typically involves mass production of similar items without a designated purchaser, while construction typically takes place on location for a known client.[2] Construction as an industry comprises six to nine percent of the gross domestic product of developed countries.[3] Construction starts with planning, design, and financing; and continues until the project is built and ready for use. Large-scale construction requires collaboration across multiple disciplines. An architect normally manages the job, and a construction manager, design engineer, construction engineer or project manager supervises it.
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A wavefront is a surface over which a wave disturbance has a constant phase. As an illustration, consider a small portion of a spherical wavefront emanating from a monochromatic point source S in a homogeneous medium. Clearly, if the radius of the wavefront at a given time is r, then at some later time t, the radius will simply be r v t {\displaystyle r{\rm { }}vt} where v is the phase velocity of the wave. But suppose instead that the wave passes through a nonuniform sheet of material so that the wavefront itself is distorted. How can we determine its new form?
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What happens to a wavelet when its amplitude spectrum is changed while its zero-phase character is preserved? To begin, consider the wavelet in Figure 1.1-21 (summed trace 1) resulting from superposition of two very low-frequency components. Then, add increasingly higher frequency components to the Fourier synthesis (summed traces 2 through 5). Note that the wavelet in the time domain is compressed as the frequency bandwidth (the range of frequencies summed) is increased. Ultimately, if all the frequencies in the inverse Fourier transformation are included, then the resulting wavelet becomes a spike, as seen in Figure 1.1-22 (summed trace 6). Therefore, a spike is characterized as the in-phase synthesis of all frequencies from zero to the Nyquist.
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Claes Nicolai Borresen, Rune Tenghamn, and the late Svein Vaage are renowned for their roles in developing dual-sensor cable technology. They perfected the principles of dual-cable data acquisition in their roles as vice presidents and principal research geophysicists at Petroleum Geo-Services (PGS). They hold several patents dealing with the use of towed-pressure sensors and particle-motion sensors. Through their efforts, dual-sensor cable technology has been established as an important advance in marine seismic data acquisition. He started his career in 1977 as a systems programmer for a computer center in Norway.
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