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Collaborating Authors
drilling measurement
Abstract In the current scenario of project management, where the agility and optimization of operations have been prioritized, the practice of logging while drilling (LWD) has gained space compared to traditional wireline logging. In theory, acquiring quality petrophysical properties during drilling brings greater agility in decision making about completion and optimizes operation costs. However, regarding borehole image logs, due to limitations in transmission capacity, the actual available data in real time contain about 50% (for resistivity images) of the full azimuth information, being insufficient for the identification of critical geological structures capable of impacting the communication between production or injection zones or the quality of cementation, such as fractures, caves, and geomechanical collapse zones. The toolโs memory data with the full information may take a few days after the end of drilling to be delivered by the service company, which in some cases is not enough for fast decision making regarding completion. In this work, we tested models based on generative adversarial neural networks (GANs) to reconstruct the complete memory data based on real-time input. As in conventional GAN schemes, a generator is trained to receive a real-time input and create a โmemory-likeโ image, while a discriminator is trained to tell real and fake images apart. To regularize the convergence of training, we used an architecture known in the literature as CycleGAN, where another generator-discriminator pair is trained simultaneously to do the reverse process, recreating the real-time data. Variations of the training process and data sets were used to generate different CycleGAN models. They were trained using logs of presalt reservoirs in Buzios Field, and performance was assessed on logging intervals not seen by the algorithms during training. The results achieved so far have been very promising, as in certain intervals, resultant models were able to capture the presence of fractures and caves. This methodology represents a way of circumventing telemetry limitations, where missing information is added indirectly to the real-time data as the artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm learns the main characteristics of a field/reservoir. Therefore, previous knowledge from the field can be used to continuously optimize future operations, efficiently incorporating the available database into the workflow of petrophysicists for the recognition of geological and geomechanical structures in time to support decision making in completion operations.
- North America > United States (1.00)
- South America > Brazil > Rio de Janeiro > South Atlantic Ocean (0.24)
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock (0.93)
- Geology > Geological Subdiscipline (0.69)
- Geology > Structural Geology > Tectonics > Salt Tectonics (0.35)
- Geophysics > Borehole Geophysics (1.00)
- Geophysics > Seismic Surveying > Borehole Seismic Surveying (0.35)
Abstract This paper describes a proposed high-specification standard format that is ideally suited for the data management of definitive records of wellbore logs. For this reason, it is a good standard for data exchange between applications. The format is suitable for complex three-dimensional (3D) data, including those generated by deep azimuthal resistivity (DAR) and ultradeep azimuthal resistivity (UDAR) tools, acoustic borehole reflection images, vertical seismic profiles (VSP), borehole imaging tools, multifingered caliper logs, and array data with multiple depths of investigation. It is applicable for use with logging-while-drilling (LWD) and wireline-conveyed logging tools. The format also naturally collapses down when utilized to store simple conventional logs that contain one value per depth in the wellbore. The proposed format provides spatial details of every data point collected by or interpreted from a wellbore-logging tool. The position of each data point is defined by reference back to the measure point of the sonde, which in turn is defined by the wellbore deviation survey and its coordinate reference system (CRS). Each data point in space may have an unrestricted number of parameters. An example might be most likely horizontal and vertical resistivity, maximum value based on uncertainty, minimum value based on uncertainty, and flags indicating the data position with respect to depth of detection (DOD). The new proposed format is so versatile. It is suitable as an Open Group Open Subsurface Data Universe (OSDU) standard to store and exchange all data measured by logging tools in a wellbore and can possibly be extended to include all well data (for example, core, cuttings, and more). The proposed format requires a detailed definition so that computer scientists can implement it in applications used for subsurface modeling. The OSDU will also require this detailed definition in order to adopt it as a standard.
S.K. Steve Chang received a B.S. in Electrical Engineering from National Taiwan University, and an M.S. and Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science from University of California, Berkeley. He joined Schlumberger in 1979, and for 15 years conducted research in borehole acoustic and electromagnetic logging at Schlumberger-Doll Research in Ridgefield, Connecticut. He became the director of geoacoustic research in 1990. He moved to Sugar Land, Texas, in 1994 to manage the logging while drilling (LWD) product line. In 1997, he became manager of groups in directional drilling software and logging interpretation.
- North America > United States > Texas > Fort Bend County > Sugar Land (0.26)
- North America > United States > Connecticut > Fairfield County > Ridgefield (0.26)
- North America > United States > California > Alameda County > Berkeley (0.26)
- Geophysics > Borehole Geophysics (1.00)
- Geophysics > Seismic Surveying > Borehole Seismic Surveying (0.81)
- Geophysics > Seismic Surveying > Passive Seismic Surveying > Microseismic Surveying (0.38)
- Information Technology > Knowledge Management (0.40)
- Information Technology > Communications > Collaboration (0.40)
Measurements may include directional information (hole inclination, azimuth, tool facing), drilling parameters (bottomhole temperature, pressure, torque, weight-on-bit, RPM), rig safety data, formation evaluation and correlation data (formation resistivity, gamma-ray, and sonic logs). Data can be transmitted to the surface in real time by pressure pulses through the mud inside the drill pipe (timed amplitude and phase encoding). Telemetry by conductor cable integrated with the drill pipe or temporary digital recording at the sensor for later wire-line retrieval are alternative data recovery methods.
- Information Technology > Knowledge Management (0.40)
- Information Technology > Communications > Collaboration (0.40)
Bottomhole data are acquired incrementally from sensors located in the drill string near the bit in a drilling well. Measurements may include directional information (hole inclination, azimuth, tool facing), drilling parameters (bottomhole temperature, pressure, torque, weight-on-bit, RPM), rig safety data, formation evaluation and correlation data (formation resistivity, gamma-ray, and sonic logs). Data can be transmitted to the surface in real time by pressure pulses through the mud inside the drill pipe (timed amplitude and phase encoding). Telemetry by conductor cable integrated with the drill pipe or temporary digital recording at the sensor for later wire-line retrieval are alternative data recovery methods. The term Measurement-while-drilling simply refers to the remote collection of borehole data, typically in real time, while the drill string is in place.
- Well Drilling > Drillstring Design (1.00)
- Well Drilling > Drilling Operations (1.00)
- Well Drilling > Drilling Measurement, Data Acquisition and Automation > Measurement while drilling (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Formation Evaluation & Management > Open hole/cased hole log analysis (1.00)
- Information Technology > Knowledge Management (0.40)
- Information Technology > Communications > Collaboration (0.40)
Schlumberger introduced the compensated dual resistivity (CDR) tool which allowed log data to be transmitted up the wellbore by mud pulses.[1] Storage devices at the bottom of the drillstring allow the driller to retrieve raw data when the bottom hole assembly (BHA) is pulled. The CDR tool uses a 2-MHz electromagnetic wave to measure the difference between phase shift and amplitudes measured downhole.
- Geophysics > Seismic Surveying (1.00)
- Geophysics > Borehole Geophysics (1.00)
- Information Technology > Knowledge Management (0.50)
- Information Technology > Communications > Collaboration (0.50)
As a rotary well is drilled, samples of the circulating mud and its suspended drill cuttings are examined for lithology and hydrocarbons by visual observation (including ultra-violet fluoroscopy) and for gas-phase constituents by a Wheatstone bridge ''hot-wire'' partition gas chromatograph or hydrogen-flame ionization analyzer. A mud log is a plot of such measurements, together with a lithologic log and a drilling-time log (showing rate of penetration). Used to detect fluids that have entered the mud from the formations. Hydrocarbons may be evidenced by fluorescence, by chromatographic analysis, gas, and other ways. The mud is also monitored for salinity and viscosity to indicate water loss.
- Well Drilling > Drilling Measurement, Data Acquisition and Automation > Mud logging / surface measurements (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Characterization > Exploration, development, structural geology (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Formation Evaluation & Management > Open hole/cased hole log analysis (1.00)
- Well Drilling > Drilling Operations (0.86)
- Information Technology > Knowledge Management (0.40)
- Information Technology > Communications > Collaboration (0.40)
Abstract It is a standard workflow for oil and gas service companies to deliver the acquired logging data in standardized manner to owner companies. With digital transformation programs becoming popular and Petro-Technical experts adopting digital workflows, it hugely impacts the capability to turn around quicker and prompter deliverable generation. Acquired logging data is generally processed using interpretation methodologies and Interpretated copied delivered to client organization. Being continuous activity among service providers, any time saving achieved for generating such deliverables, has a multiplier effect in terms of efficiency and productivity for the resources. Digital workflow adopted for selection of pretest types for while drilling formation testing job consisted of processing of basic open hole logs and applying cut offs. Such cut off methodology has been adopted previously as well, but our process gives more flexibility to the user were based on the variations observed in petrophysical properties from experience could be utilized to come up with best possible test type. This increased the chances of success for formation testing operations while drilling. Another application discussed in this paper is Logging while drilling formation testing deliverable generation. Formation pressures and mobilities are output of the logging operation which are reported along with few pressure time curves and picks being made on the memory data for accuracy of the results. This is a continuous process for various clients where formation testing services are utilized during drilling. So deliverable generation process demands significant amount of time and effort, and it is a laborious and time-consuming process, primarily due to the repetitive nature of the deliverables. So, automation of such deliverable was carried out where significant number of efforts were saved, and quicker turnaround time was achieved saving man hours required. Introduction In today's oil and gas drilling industry, the challenges and costs associated with well drilling and completion have escalated. The utilization of the LWD Formation Pressure While Drilling (FPWD) tool service effectively addresses the uncertainties related to formation pressure during drilling, thereby diminishing risks and cost burdens. LWD measurements, particularly resistivity and sonic measurements, to anticipate pore pressure trends along the wellbore, play a crucial role in hazard management. These measurements, which serve as qualitative indicators for pore pressure prediction, necessitate calibration points.
- North America > United States > Texas (0.29)
- Asia > Middle East > UAE (0.28)
- Well Drilling > Drilling Measurement, Data Acquisition and Automation > Logging while drilling (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Characterization (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Formation Evaluation & Management > Formation test analysis (e.g., wireline, LWD) (1.00)
- Data Science & Engineering Analytics > Information Management and Systems (1.00)
Abstract Apart from its main task of creating the wellbore, the drill bit can act as a valuable field laboratory with no changes in design or data gathering procedures required. As well operations continue, more data is created that improves reservoir understanding. With the addition of further diagnostic tools during both the drilling and completion phases of the well, actionable information becomes available to clarify how and why reservoir performance changes from well to well. Over the past three years, drilling data from hundreds of wells, both vertical and horizontal, have been used to identify changes in rock, pressure, and stresses along the wellbores, in addition to reservoir level features such as fractures and faults. As this workflow has developed, it has been combined with other available data to yield a more thorough description of the bottomhole conditions that are often unclear from analysis of a single dataset. The most common datasets employed include completion diagnostics, mud log and cuttings analysis, fracturing and production results, and geosteering interpretations. Case histories will demonstrate multiple ways that drilling data can be used in conjunction with complementary datasets to confirm reservoir analysis, explain production results, and improve completion strategy. Specifically, geomechanical and pressure models are verified and expanded to wellbore sections without separate data. When this expansion is combined with diagnostics related to completion and production, these interpretations are enhanced and provide support for changes to completion strategy that will ultimately lead to improved production. In each of these case histories, sufficient understanding of the reservoir required the cooperation of multiple engineers, geologists, and specialists incorporating all available data in an in-depth evaluation with the goal of integrating everything into a unified reservoir description. Non-productive time, side-tracked wells, and over-capitalized completions represent enormous drains on operator budgets. Wherever a well has been drilled, data exists to combat these issues, and every new well adds to this dataset representing an opportunity to continually improve the understanding of the reservoir. In addition to preventing wellbore problems, this understanding can help operators optimize well locations, improve stimulation effectiveness, and finally enhance well productivity.
- South America (0.28)
- North America > United States (0.28)
- Asia > Middle East (0.28)
Abstract Measurement-while-drilling (MWD) surveying is one of the important prerequisites for the successful delivery of directional wells because the survey defines the accurate wellbore position and orientation of the bottomhole assembly (BHA) in real time during the drilling operation. There were many modifications performed in MWD measurements evolution progress over the years, but none of them resulted in achieving the six-axis surveying measurements that obtained in dynamic conditions with at least the same accuracy as static surveys. Realizing the true potentials of taking the survey measurements in the rotating mode helped to optimize drilling operations and minimize the risks associated with stationary survey methods. The definitive dynamic survey (DDS) can be accurately performed while drilling in both rotary and slide modes. The DDS eliminated survey-related rig time, i.e., working the drillstring to release the torque, providing zero motion while making and sending downhole survey measurements, or spending additional time to resurvey the interval for various reasons. A major directional oilfield services provider pioneered a new MWD surveying technology that implemented in the projects in the Caspian Sea. The technology delivered definitive surveys while on-bottom drilling with full parameters and complete data quality control. Several operational runs have been recently conducted with the aim of comparing and qualifying DDS to industry standard gyro and MWD surveys. The MWD DDS survey was conducted in complex 3D well profiles, including a curve section and tangent at near vertical and high angle through a continuous turn interval. The results showed an excellent match both in inclination and in azimuth. Based on the results of evaluating the technology in this location, DDS surveys enhanced rig operations efficiency, improved trajectory control, and provided higher survey density than that from traditional stationary MWD surveys. This paper presents the recent results obtained from implementing the DDS technology while drilling in the Caspian Sea region and reveal the best practices for planning and performing other similar jobs. The paper includes the procedures required to take definitive non-static surveys, ensuring the DDS data are sent continuously to the surface and meet survey acceptance criteria in terms of sensor misalignments, shock and vibration parameters, eddy current compensation, and phase shift corrections. To validate these continuous survey measurements, a field test survey comparison was performed between a conventional static survey and a gyroscopic survey. In addition to a conclusion, the paper will present the recommendations for the well construction efficiency optimization while drilling through a depleted reservoir.