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This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 209468, “CCUS In China: Challenges and Opportunities,” by Hu Guo, China University of Petroleum; Xiuqin Lyu, Sinopac Northwest Oil Field Company; and En Meng, China University of Petroleum, et al. The paper has not been peer reviewed. One of the most attractive carbon capture, usage, and storage (CCUS) applications in China is that of carbon dioxide (CO2) enhanced oil recovery with captured CO2 (CCS EOR). CO2 EOR with captured CO2 presents an important path for China. The complete paper reviews the progress of CCUS technology in China. The current challenges of CCS EOR include high capture costs, small scale, low incremental oil recovery, and huge capital input. The costs can be significantly reduced when the scale is enlarged to the commercial level and transportation costs are further reduced by pipelines or trains. Importance of CCUS At the time of writing, 49 CCUS pilots or field tests had been conducted or were under construction in China. CCUS demonstration projects were small-scale, and no projects involving more than 1.0 million tons of CO2 per year (mtpa) were conducted. 1.3 million tons of CO2 were estimated to be injected in 2020 for EOR use. The authors reference a study that mentions nine CO2 EOR projects. Among these, the Jilin oilfield project was notable for its size of 2.0 million cumulative tons of CO2 injected. CO2-enhanced coalbed methane was also an attractive option for China, and several field tests were conducted by CNOOC and its partners. Another notable CCUS demonstration project involved the Shaanxi Jinjie power plant. This was the largest coal-fired power postcombustion (PC) CO2-capture project, with a capture capacity of 0.15 mtpa. The project began in November 2019. In January 2021, equipment installation was completed. By June of 2021, 168 trial operations had been passed. The captured CO2 will be used for EOR. This demonstration project will gain knowledge to reduce PC CO2 emissions, a great challenge for China because the majority of electricity is based on coal combustion. Gas processing and power plants rank first for the US in terms of CCUS project numbers. Power plants also rank first in the number of CCUS projects for China, but the number of natural-gas-processing projects was much less.
- Asia > Middle East > Israel > Mediterranean Sea (0.25)
- Asia > China > Jilin Province (0.25)
Prediction Model of Horizontal Drilling Limits and its Applications in Optimal Drilling Design
Wu, Z. Q. (School of Safety and Ocean Engineering, China University of Petroleum (Beijing) / CNOOC Research Institute Co. Ltd.) | Huang, W. J. (MOE Key Laboratory of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum) | Yang, J. (School of Safety and Ocean Engineering, China University of Petroleum (Beijing) / CNOOC Research Institute Co. Ltd.) | Jun, Z. (MOE Key Laboratory of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum)
ABSTRACT: Horizontal well is the key technology to effectively exploit oil and gas resources in beaches, mountains, lakes and offshore. However, there is a limit for the measured depth of horizontal drilling under the constraints of wellbore and equipment. Thus, the accurate prediction of drilling limits is of great significance for the design and operation of horizontal wells. In this paper, the prediction model of horizontal drilling limits is firstly built considering the constraints of hydraulic, mechanical and wellbore stability. Then, an optimal design method of horizontal drilling is proposed based on horizontal drilling limits. The case study shows that researches on horizontal drilling limits can provide important reference for optimization design and safe drilling. 1. INTRODUCTION Horizontal well was risen in the 1920s (Zhang, 2015). Due to the limitation of technology and cost, horizontal well technology did not make a breakthrough at that time. With the progress of technology and the increase of experience, the cost of horizontal wells has been greatly reduced and the drilling period has been significantly shortened. As the contact area between horizontal well and reservoir is large, its production of oil and gas is high (Shi, 2013). Thus, it is widely used in the exploration and development of oil and gas. At present, horizontal well technology has been relatively mature, and its measure depth continues to create new world records (Blikra, 1994; Sonowal, 2009; Gao, 2012; Samuel, 2013), especially in Wytch Farm Field (Allen, 1997; Tony, 2000), Sakhalin areas (Vishwas, 2014; Ganichev, 2016) and the Gulf of Mexico (Gao, 2019). For each horizontal well, there is a limit of its measure depth under specific constraints, which is called horizontal drilling limit. With the increase of vertical depth, horizontal drilling limit shows a trend of rapid increase - stability - linear decrease (Bakke, 2012). However, the constraints of each horizontal well are different, so it is difficult to accurately predict its horizontal drilling limit.
- North America > United States > Texas (0.48)
- North America > United States > Oklahoma (0.34)
- Asia > Russia > Far Eastern Federal District > Sakhalin Oblast (0.25)
- Europe > United Kingdom > England > Dorset (0.24)
- Europe > United Kingdom > England > Hampshire Basin > PL 089 > Block 98/6 > Wytch Farm Field > Sherwood Formation (0.99)
- Europe > United Kingdom > England > Hampshire Basin > PL 089 > Block 98/11 > Wytch Farm Field > Sherwood Formation (0.99)
- Europe > United Kingdom > England > Hampshire Basin > PL 089 > Block 97/15 > Wytch Farm Field > Sherwood Formation (0.99)
- (7 more...)
Abstract Geochemical data measured on petroleum samples sequentially extracted from crushed conventional core samples selected in the Utica Formation, the Point Pleasant Formation, and the Lexington Formation using a weak solvent (cyclohexane; CH), a stronger solvent (toluene), and a very strong solvent (chloroform-methanol; CM) and on a condensate produced from the same well where the cores were obtained were used to estimate the amount of condensate or oil, sorbed petroleum, and immobile bitumen present in core samples containing kerogen that has reached the late oil to wet gas window. Similar kinds of geochemical data were measured on the core extracts (after heating them to evaporate the solvents), and on native (=produced) and topped samples of the condensate. CH extracts obtained from these core samples exhibit n-alkane profiles characteristic of producible oil, or condensate that precipitated from wet gas. But the extracts obtained from most core samples using stronger solvents do not resemble condensate or oil – indicating those solvents principally extracted bitumen enriched in more polar compounds. Likewise, the abundance of SARA fractions and CHONS in the topped condensate are more similar to the composition of CH extracts than of extracts obtained using toluene and CM (which contain significantly more resins and asphaltenes). However, moderate differences in the composition of CH extracts and the topped condensate demonstrate CH extracted resin-rich sorbed petroleum from the core samples as well as condensate. Modeling results used to constrain the range of the relative amount of sorbed petroleum in the CH extracts – and the composition of that component – demonstrate those extracts contain a significant amount (typically at least 30 wt%) of sorbed petroleum that is enriched in resins. In addition, estimates of the amount of different kinds of petroleum in the core samples based on geochemical data agree remarkably well with independent estimates made using results of a modified Crushed Rock Analysis (CRA) procedure that involves sequentially extracting core samples with CH and toluene. Because core samples obtained from source-rock reservoirs contain a large amount of sorbed petroleum that is extracted by the solvents used during CRA analyses, this new workflow allows core analysts to more accurately estimate the saturation of mobile condensate in core samples.
- Geology > Petroleum Play Type > Unconventional Play > Heavy Oil Play (1.00)
- Geology > Geological Subdiscipline > Geochemistry (1.00)
- Geology > Geological Subdiscipline > Economic Geology > Petroleum Geology (1.00)
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock > Clastic Rock > Mudrock (0.93)
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
A Monitoring CO2 Method by the Dual Cross Section Pulsed Neutron Logging Technology in Heavy Oil Reservoirs
Fan, Jilin (School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum) | Zhang, Feng (School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum) | Tian, Lili (School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum) | Xiao, Guiping (School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum) | Zhang, Hui (School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum) | Fang, Qunwei (School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum)
Abstract Capturing industrial carbon dioxide (CO2), one of the most common greenhouse gases, and injecting it into deep formations for long-term storage is a promising method. CO2 enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR) technology meets this requirement, as well as realizes the secondary exploitation of the oil field, which can increase oil and gas production to increase economic benefits. In CO2-EOR technology, gas saturation is a key parameter to characterize the distribution and migration of CO2. Many methods of monitoring CO2 storage status have been successfully applied all over the world, such as seismic exploration, CT and well temperature logging, etc. As an important method of gas saturation evaluation in nuclear geophysical exploration, pulsed neutron logging technology also plays an indispensable role in the evaluation of CO2 distribution. Based on the three-detector pulsed neutron logging tool, this paper proposes a method for monitoring the gas saturation of CO2 injection heavy oil reservoirs that combines the fast neutron scattering cross-section (FNXS), capture cross-section (∑) and formation element logging to eliminate the influence of formation matrix composition and formation water salinity and improve the accuracy on the monitoring of gas saturation. The intensity of secondary gamma depends on the influence factors such as the inelastic gamma field distribution, the gamma absorption coefficient, and additional characteristics of nuclear propagation, as well as formation and logging tool properties that can all be simulated. We use the combination of inelastic gamma count of the far detector, inelastic gamma count ratio and capture gamma count ratio to characterize the FNXS quantitatively, eliminating the influence of formation lithology and density. The gas sensitivity of FNXS and ∑ for CO2 monitoring in the reservoirs are analyzed, a CO2 monitoring method combining FNXS and ∑ is established. The CO2 saturation can be calculated without formation porosity information, and the gas detection accuracy is improved. Using the element content information obtained by the three-detector pulsed neutron measurement system, a calculation method for determining the FNXS and the ∑ of the formation matrix directly from the element content is established, which avoids the limitation in the conversion process from element content to mineral content and eliminates the influence of complex lithology on CO2 gas saturation calculation. In addition, the element logging data is used to calculate the formation water salinity, and the ∑ of the formation water is obtained. Finally, a complex lithology CO2 injection heavy oil reservoir numerical calculation model is established, and the CO2 gas saturation evaluation is carried out using dual cross-section and element logging to verify the effectiveness of the method. The results show that this method can control the absolute error of CO2 gas saturation calculation within 10%, which verifies the feasibility of using this method to evaluate the CO2saturation, provides technical support for monitoring the gas saturation of CO2 injection heavy oil reservoirs.
- Asia > China (0.50)
- Europe > Norway (0.46)
- Europe > United Kingdom > North Sea > Northern North Sea (0.24)
- Research Report > Experimental Study (0.48)
- Research Report > New Finding (0.34)
- Geology > Rock Type (1.00)
- Geology > Petroleum Play Type > Unconventional Play > Heavy Oil Play (1.00)
- Oceania > Australia > Western Australia > North West Shelf > Carnarvon Basin > Gipsy/Rose/Lee Field > Rose Field > Mungaroo Formation > Mungaroo Formation > Mungaroo B Formation (0.98)
- Oceania > Australia > Western Australia > North West Shelf > Carnarvon Basin > Gipsy/Rose/Lee Field > Rose Field > Mungaroo Formation > Mungaroo A Formation > Mungaroo B Formation (0.98)
- Oceania > Australia > Western Australia > North West Shelf > Carnarvon Basin > Gipsy/Rose/Lee Field > Rose Field > Flag Formation > Mungaroo Formation > Mungaroo B Formation (0.98)
- Oceania > Australia > Western Australia > North West Shelf > Carnarvon Basin > Gipsy/Rose/Lee Field > Rose Field > Flag Formation > Mungaroo A Formation > Mungaroo B Formation (0.98)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Unconventional and Complex Reservoirs > Oil sand, oil shale, bitumen (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Storage Reservoir Engineering > CO2 capture and sequestration (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Characterization > Exploration, development, structural geology (1.00)
- (2 more...)
A New Uranium Imaging Technique Based on Four-Detector LWD Natural Gamma Ray Spectrometry Logging Apparatus
Liu, Zhiyuan (China University of Petroleum) | Zhang, Feng (China University of Petroleum) | Liang, Qixuan (China University of Petroleum) | Fan, Jilin (China University of Petroleum) | Chen, Qian (China University of Petroleum) | Yang, Zhen (Sinopec Matrix Corporation)
Abstract The past decades have witnessed an outstanding growth in the volume of unconventional wells worldwide, while the rapid exploitation of unconventional hydrocarbon requires specialist techniques like logging-while-drilling (LWD). Being able to provide both total gamma rays and thorium, uranium and potassium element concentrations in different directions, the LWD azimuthal natural gamma ray spectrometry technology is helpful in evaluating reservoir geological characteristics and real-time drilling geosteering. Elemental imaging is one key breakthrough of this technology to make more sensible decisions in changing wellbore trajectory and complex strata. The key challenge of natural gamma ray spectrum imaging logging while drilling is to obtain accurate element content from low count rate natural gamma ray spectra measured while drilling. In this paper, a more precise full spectrum maximum likelihood inversion method was used instead of conventional least square analysis to calculate element content. In order to verify its superiority and universal applicability, the azimuthal gamma ray simulation spectra of formations with different radioactivity levels and element content, including high potassium, high uranium, high thorium and mixed layers of high and low radioactivity, were obtained by Monte-Carlo simulation to compare the accuracy of element content by different methods. The results showed that the new method is of statistically higher accuracy than conventional ones, especially for uranium, which has errors less than 1.5 ppm in most cases. Based on reliable spectral analysis results and a four-detector LWD azimuthal natural gamma ray spectrometer model, the accurate imaging of uranium was realized, and experimental comparison examples were obtained by simulating the process of detectors passing through two sets of different radioactive inclined strata models. Furthermore, our research further studied the influence of barite in mud for deep drilling. As the barite content in the mud increased, the error in potassium and thorium calculations increased as well, while the error in uranium results was surprisingly low and stable. As a whole, we succeeded in validating a new uranium imaging technique based on a four-detector LWD natural gamma ray spectrometry logging apparatus model and maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) spectral analysis method, the superiority of which in solving low count rate natural gamma ray spectra has been confirmed by comparative experiments in this paper.
- North America > United States (1.00)
- Asia (0.73)
- Europe (0.68)
- Overview > Innovation (0.88)
- Research Report (0.66)
- Geophysics > Borehole Geophysics (1.00)
- Geophysics > Radioactivity Surveying > Radioactivity Acquisition (0.34)
- Information Technology > Data Science > Data Quality (0.94)
- Information Technology > Artificial Intelligence > Representation & Reasoning > Uncertainty > Bayesian Inference (0.75)
- Information Technology > Artificial Intelligence > Machine Learning > Learning Graphical Models > Directed Networks > Bayesian Learning (0.75)
A Well Cementation Evaluation Method by the Azimuthal Gamma Combination with the Acoustic Logging in Horizontal Well
Fan, Jilin (School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum (East China)) | Zhang, Feng (School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum (East China)) | Chen, Xuelian (School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum (East China)) | Song, Haochen (School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum (East China)) | Zhong, Luyu (School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum (East China)) | Chen, Qian (School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum (East China)) | Zhang, Meiling (School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum (East China)) | Dai, Yuexiang (China National Logging Corporation Xinjiang Branch)
Abstract Horizontal well technology has been widely used in the exploration and development of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs to increase the exposed area of oil and gas reservoirs, and the well cementation is of great significance to the isolation of oil, gas and water layers. Using gamma-ray attenuation to determine cement density, combined with acoustic logging technology to evaluate the first and second interfaces, is an effective method for well cementation evaluation. Compared with well cementation in vertical wells, due to the gravity of the casing and the logging tool, there are problems in horizontal wells such as logging tool and casing eccentricity, cement slurry settlement, et al. These problems together affect the detection of gamma-ray, lead to the ambiguity of the azimuthal cement density evaluation. There is a logging tool that can be used to measure the azimuthal density of the cement, which is mainly composed of a Cs gamma source, a near detector and six far detectors arranged in a circumferential direction. In addition, the logging tool contains an acoustic section. Since the gamma-ray measured by the detectors is affected by the eccentricity and the circumferential cement density distribution, we use the difference in multi-detector gamma count of measurement and the reference condition to calculate the circumferential cement density. The reference condition here is the measured value of gamma count under the calibration pit with well-filled cement and no eccentric casing. Firstly, the degree of the logging tool eccentricity is determined by using the time arrival information of acoustic logging. Then, under different logging tool eccentric conditions, using the GEANT4 numerical simulation software to establish the spatial dynamic response functions with different casing eccentric conditions. The cement is divided into 6 sectors, and the spatial dynamic response functions are integrated to obtain the contribution of the cement density in the 6 sectors to the gamma-ray detected by different detectors. Based on the contribution of the circumferential cement density and casing eccentricity to the multi-detector gamma count, a multi-parameter calculation equation set is established, the Newton iteration method is used to invert the casing eccentricity degree and the azimuthal cement density in six sectors, and the regularization method is used to improve the accuracy of the solution, thus, the ambiguity of the azimuthal cement density evaluation in horizontal well cementation evaluation is eliminated. The effectiveness of the method is verified by a simulation example with logging tool eccentricity, casing eccentricity and uneven distribution of azimuthal cement density. The results show that the method can control the circumferential cement density accuracy within 0.05g/cm. Compared with the calculation error 0.3g/cm of the cement density without considering the eccentricity, this method improves density accuracy while eliminating the misjudgment of well cementation quality caused by eccentricity. A field logging example also verifies the effectiveness of the method, this method provides technical support for the monitoring of the cementing quality of horizontal wells.
- North America > United States > Texas (0.68)
- Asia > Middle East (0.68)
Machine Learning for Determining Remaining Oil Saturation Based on C/O Spectral Logging in Multilayer String Cased Well
Qiu, Fei (School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum) | Zhang, Feng (School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum) | Liu, Zhiyuan (School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum (East China)) | Xiao, Guiping (School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum) | Fang, Qunwei (School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum (East China))
Abstract Dynamic monitoring of reservoir can reflect the physical response of fluid underground and clarify the oil and water distribution of the production, which is important for the production management in the later stage of oil field. C/O logging plays an important role in downhole fluid dynamic monitoring, which can accurately determine the oil saturation of the formation. However, due to the limitations of neutron generator yield and measuring speed, the statistical fluctuation in low and medium pore formation are large, masking the difference of spectrum measured and C/O response in oil and water formations; meanwhile, complex borehole and string combinations as well as lithology cause high uncertainty of oil-bearing saturation interpretation by conventional C/O interpretation methods. To improve the signal-to-noise ratio of measurements and the accuracy of oil-bearing saturation interpretation under complex borehole and formation conditions, machine learning methods for spectrum noise reduction and formation saturation prediction of C/O logging are introduced in this paper. Based on numerical simulation methods and calibration well measurements, the standard spectrum and the corresponding noise-add spectrum are constructed under different string and formation conditions. The main components in the noise-add spectrum are extracted and recovered using stacked autoencoder networks to realize the noise reduction process. Utilizing the ensemble learning method, artificial neural network and random forest method are integrated to construct the oil saturation prediction model, and the window counts of C, O, Si, Ca and Fe and the count ratios of C/O, Si/Ca and Si/Fe are obtained from the noise reduction spectrum, which are used as input features together with the string, mineral content, formation porosity, shale content and other bare-hole well data for oil content prediction of the formation saturation prediction. More than 5000 simulated data were calculated covering different string, formation lithology, porosity, and oil saturation; meanwhile, Wells with different string and lithology conditions were used as machine learning training samples to jointly construct the saturation prediction model. The model was validated by establishing simulated data under new parameters of different bole hole and formation conditions. The results showed that the autoencoder method improved the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of spectrum compared with Savitzky-Golay method, and the absolute error of saturation prediction from simulations and wells in the formation with porosity at 10 % is less than 10 %. This study improves the accuracy of C/O logging in determining the oil saturation of a formation under complex borehole and formation conditions.
- Asia > China (0.50)
- Europe > Norway > Norwegian Sea (0.24)
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock > Clastic Rock (0.68)
- Geology > Mineral > Silicate > Phyllosilicate (0.47)
- Asia > Japan > Honshu Island > Akita Prefecture > Yurihara Field (0.99)
- Asia > China > Bohai Bay > Bohai Basin > Jidong Nanpu Field (0.99)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Characterization > Exploration, development, structural geology (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Formation Evaluation & Management > Open hole/cased hole log analysis (1.00)
- Data Science & Engineering Analytics > Information Management and Systems > Neural networks (1.00)
- Data Science & Engineering Analytics > Information Management and Systems > Artificial intelligence (1.00)
Brazil's National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas, and Biofuels (ANP) has granted 59 exploratory blocks of oil and natural gas to 13 companies, including Shell, TotalEnergies, and 3R Petroleum. The awards were part of a permanent bid offer round held in Rio de Janiero in April. The auction totaled 422.4 million reais in signature bonuses with leases granted in six Brazilian states: Rio Grande do Norte, Alagoas, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Santa Catarina, and Paraná. The awards will result in investments of 406.3 million reais in the exploratory phase of the contracts. Shell Brazil (70%) was granted six blocks in the Santos Basin in a consortium with the Colombian Ecopetrol (30%).
- South America > Brazil > Rio Grande do Norte (0.44)
- South America > Brazil > Santa Catarina (0.29)
- South America > Brazil > Brazil > South Atlantic Ocean (0.29)
- South America > Brazil > Rio Grande do Norte > South Atlantic Ocean > Potiguar Basin (0.99)
- South America > Brazil > Brazil > South Atlantic Ocean > Santos Basin (0.99)
Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) young professionals' magazine, The Way Ahead (TWA), has been a pioneer source of information for young professionals who have recently joined the oil and gas industry or are pursuing degrees in petroleum engineering and related fields. However, we sincerely believe that the career starts from the interest that a student develops during school days, especially high school. This article is an attempt to introduce high school and middle school students to the world of petroleum and energy. I urge the readers of this article to share it with their family, friends, and acquaintances who are in school age. Energy is a basic human need.
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Education > Educational Setting > K-12 Education > Secondary School (1.00)
Vicki Hollub could have ended up a coal miner if not for the fact that mines tend to be cold and a little cramped. Instead, she worked her way up through the oil field with Occidental Petroleum (Oxy), eventually rising to become its CEO and the first woman CEO of a large US oil and gas company. The Alabama-native is also known for orchestrating one of the industry's largest deals when Oxy outbid Chevron in the 2019 acquisition of Anadarko Petroleum. Additionally, Hollub has been outspoken on some of the biggest issues facing the industry, including its license to operate amid growing concerns over climate change. Last week at the SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference, Hollub shared her professional story, views on current events, and updates on Oxy's direction toward becoming a low-carbon energy firm.
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Government > Regional Government > North America Government > United States Government (0.96)