![]()
Abstract Wet-phase modified expandable graphite (WMEG) particles have been successfully developed for in-depth steam channeling control in heavy oil reservoirs. WMEG particles can expand 4 to 7 times in a wet-phase environment and form a worm-like structure at steam temperature. The sand-pack flowing experiments demonstrated that WMEG particles have good injection, steam erosion resistance and selective plugging capacity characteristics. By directly plugging and bridge plugging after expansion, WMEG particles can effectively plug steam channels. To better explain the steam plugging mechanism, the energy changes during WMEG particle expansion were also analyzed. The release of gas at different stages is the source of energy for WMEG particle expansion. WMEG particles have been successfully applied to 12 wells of four typical heavy oilfields in China. The results from these applications confirm that the injection of WMEG particles is an effective steam channeling control treatment. The success of these oilfield tests can also serve as a reference for similar steam injection heavy oilfields.