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Collaborating Authors
Western Canada Sedimentary Basin
Numerous surface-felt earthquakes have been spatiotemporally correlated with hydraulic fracturing operations. Because large deformations occur close to hydraulic fractures (HFs), any associated fault reactivation and resulting seismicity must be evaluated within the length scale of the fracture stages and based on precise fault location relative to the simulated rock volumes. To evaluate changes in Coulomb failure stress (CFS) with injection, we conducted fully coupled poroelastic finite-element simulations using a pore-pressure cohesive zone model for the fracture and fault core in combination with a fault-fracture intersection model. The simulations quantify the dependence of CFS and fault reactivation potential on host-rock and fault properties, spacing between fault and HF, and fracturing sequence. We find that fracturing in an anisotropic in-situ stress state does not lead to fault tensile opening but rather dominant shear reactivation through a poroelastic stress disturbance over the fault core ahead of the compressed central stabilized zone. In our simulations, poroelastic stress changes significantly affect fault reactivation in all simulated scenarios of fracturing 50-200 m away from an optimally oriented normal fault. Asymmetric HF growth due to the stress-shadowing effect of adjacent HFs leads to 1.) a larger reactivated fault zone following simultaneous and sequential fracturing of multiple clusters compared to single-cluster fracturing; and 2.) larger unstable area (CFSgt;0.1) over the fault core or higher potential of fault slip following sequential fracturing compared to simultaneous fracturing. The fault reactivation area is further increased for a fault with lower conductivity and with a higher opening-mode fracture toughness of the overlying layer. To reduce the risk of fault reactivation by hydraulic fracturing under reservoir characteristics of the Barnett Shale, the Fort Worth Basin, it is recommended to 1.) conduct simultaneous fracturing instead of sequential; and 2.) to maintain a minimum distance of ~ 200 m for HF operations from known faults.
- North America > Canada (1.00)
- North America > United States > Texas > Travis County > Austin (0.28)
- North America > United States > Texas > Tarrant County > Fort Worth (0.24)
- Geology > Structural Geology > Tectonics > Plate Tectonics > Earthquake (1.00)
- Geology > Structural Geology > Fault (1.00)
- Geology > Geological Subdiscipline > Geomechanics (1.00)
- (2 more...)
- South America > Argentina > Patagonia > Neuquรฉn > Neuquen Basin > Vaca Muerta Shale Formation (0.99)
- North America > United States > Wyoming > Green River Basin > Jonah Field (0.99)
- North America > United States > West Virginia > Appalachian Basin (0.99)
- (51 more...)
Time-lapse attenuation variations using distributed acoustic sensing vertical seismic profile data during CO2 injection at CaMI Field Research Station, Alberta, Canada
Wang, Yichuan (University of Calgary, CNOOC Research Institute Ltd.) | Lawton, Donald C. (University of Calgary, Carbon Management Canada)
ABSTRACT For seismic monitoring of geologic storage, it is useful to measure time-lapse (TL) variations of seismic attenuation. Seismic attenuation directly connects to different petrophysical parameters within the storage complex. We have developed an approach to derive smooth time-variant amplitude spectra from seismic signals by using the sparse strongest signal peaks, and then measuring two different attributes (conventional Q factor and its โgeometricโ counterpart) characterizing the path effects of seismic attenuation from the smooth spectra. This approach is straightforward and does not require sophisticated algorithms or parameterization schemes. We apply this approach to TL distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) vertical seismic profile (VSP) data from the Field Research Station (FRS) injection project in southern Alberta, Canada. High-quality stacked reflection records are obtained from the baseline and monitor DAS VSP surveys at the FRS and TL attenuation-attribute differences are derived from these reflection records. TL variations of attenuation are observed within the injection zone at the FRS, which are interpreted as being related to the injected . Although there is always a significant trade-off between the accuracy and temporal resolution of the measured attenuation parameters, reliable attenuation measurements around the injection zone are still achieved with an in-use reflection signal of a sufficient length and bandwidth. Attenuation attributes measured from this approach can be an advantageous tool for monitoring the distribution and migration of plumes.
- North America > Canada > Saskatchewan > Williston Basin > Weyburn Field > Mission Canyon Formation (0.99)
- North America > Canada > Saskatchewan > Williston Basin > Weyburn Field > Madison Formation (0.99)
- North America > Canada > Saskatchewan > Williston Basin > Weyburn Field > Forbisher Formation (0.99)
- (7 more...)
In this special section, we present a collection S-wave attribute. of papers that, in the absence of world-class outcrop exposures Salazar Florez and Bedle demonstrate the usefulness of geometric such as that shown on this issue's cover, utilize various data sets seismic attributes such as aberrancy for enhancing fault and geophysical processing techniques to illuminate fault and visualization, especially for subseismic faulting scenarios. They find that including aberrancy and carbon storage sites. The authors also show that integrating aberrancy with (WCSB) using simple geologic tools and approaches, without other geometric attributes improves results from multiattribute relying on seismic reflection data. The author's work reveals analysis and unsupervised machine learning techniques such as extensive strike-slip fault systems, detachment planes, and self-organizing maps and generative topographic mapping. This examples of fault locking and alternate fault activity -- important study makes a strong case for interpreters to incorporate aberrancy considerations for hydrocarbon exploration and production.
- North America > Canada (1.00)
- North America > United States > Texas > Travis County > Austin (0.16)
- North America > United States > Wyoming > Washakie Basin (0.99)
- North America > United States > Texas > Permian Basin > Midland Basin (0.99)
- North America > United States > Colorado > Washakie Basin (0.99)
- (5 more...)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Characterization > Seismic processing and interpretation (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Characterization > Faults and fracture characterization (1.00)
- Data Science & Engineering Analytics > Information Management and Systems > Artificial intelligence (1.00)
Abstract The geology toolkit that is used to reveal faults and fractures is much wider than before. This is due to 3D and 4D views in exploratory statistics programs and to the availability of user-friendly GIS software. These tools allow us to visualize a multitude of parameters that will be briefly explored here. A review of many geologic and nongeologic parameters led to evidence of fault locking and alternate fault activity. It also resulted in new structural models for the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin (WCSB). The presented data sets include earthquakes, drilling, production, well data, aeromagnetic data, and more. Various integrated approaches reveal well-defined fault patterns that are typical of a strike-slip regime and the existence of previously unrecognized detachments that are important for hydrocarbon exploration. Some of the new geometries and associated mechanisms are illustrated here with outcrop analogues and present-day cross sections, maps, and 3D views. Only the most recent of the two identified strike-slip regimes is covered in this paper. Some emphasis is given to the recognition of detachments at various scales. Among these is the importance of megadetachments displacing the sedimentary cover by up to 16 km with respect to the aeromag. Hence, there is a need for reconstruction before making conclusions. The WCSB has a lot more to offer to explorers who understand faults, fractures, and migration paths. Integrating many types of information in map or 3D views offers new tools to identify and characterize faults.
- North America > Canada > Saskatchewan (1.00)
- North America > Canada > Northwest Territories (1.00)
- North America > Canada > Manitoba (1.00)
- (2 more...)
- Phanerozoic > Mesozoic (0.69)
- Phanerozoic > Paleozoic (0.68)
- Phanerozoic > Cenozoic > Paleogene (0.46)
- Geology > Structural Geology > Tectonics > Plate Tectonics > Earthquake (1.00)
- Geology > Structural Geology > Fault (1.00)
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock (1.00)
- Geophysics > Seismic Surveying (1.00)
- Geophysics > Borehole Geophysics (1.00)
- Geophysics > Magnetic Surveying > Magnetic Acquisition > Airborne Magnetic Acquisition (0.91)
- North America > Canada > Saskatchewan > Western Canada Sedimentary Basin > Alberta Basin (0.99)
- North America > Canada > Northwest Territories > Western Canada Sedimentary Basin > Alberta Basin (0.99)
- North America > Canada > Manitoba > Western Canada Sedimentary Basin > Alberta Basin (0.99)
- (39 more...)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Characterization > Seismic processing and interpretation (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Characterization > Geologic modeling (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Characterization > Faults and fracture characterization (1.00)
- (2 more...)
A Comprehensive Review of Casing Deformation During Multi-Stage Hydraulic Fracturing in Unconventional Plays: Characterization, Diagnosis, Controlling Factors, Mitigation and Recovery Strategies
Uribe-Patino, J. A. (University of Alberta) | Casero, A. (bp) | Dall'Acqua, D. (Noetic Engineering) | Davis, E. (ConocoPhillips) | King, G. E. (GEK Engineering) | Singh, H. (CNPC USA) | Rylance, M. (IXL Oilfield Consulting) | Chalaturnyk, R. (University of Alberta) | Zambrano-Narvaez, G. (University of Alberta)
Abstract The objective of this paper is to provide a review of casing deformations that are related to the placement of Multi-Stage Hydraulic Fracturing (MSHF) in unconventional plays. This work aims to identify practical mitigation and management strategies to reduce the overall impact of such events on the economic outcome of any development. The methodology incorporates a comprehensive literature review and leverages insights from the authorsโ extensive field experience. This approach aims to explore the current state of knowledge regarding casing deformations associated with MSHF in unconventional reservoirs across key global basins. This paper encompasses the identification, diagnostics, surveillance, and monitoring of such deformations as they manifest and progress, along with the implementation of mitigation and management strategies prior to and during the well-completion process. The authors recognize the disparity between the number of publications available and the actual incidence of casing deformation in specific basins and are conscious that obtaining an exact estimate may often be elusive. The technical aspects of the review rely on the examination of numerous case studies from various unconventional basins. This is achieved by establishing a comprehensive understanding of the potential causes and mechanisms of casing deformations, including their occurrence, detection, and identification. Subsequently, an analysis is performed that presents the inherent characteristics of the different types of casing deformation, encompassing their nature, severity, distribution, and frequency across the basins considered, their lateral locations, event occurrence, specific nature and other pertinent factors. Additionally, the review addresses the geological, geo-mechanical, engineering and operational control factors that are likely to contribute to such deformations. Furthermore, it identifies a range of potential mitigation strategies aimed at minimizing the occurrence and ultimately the economic effects of casing deformation occurrence. This review builds upon various ongoing industry technical initiatives undertaken by the SPE Well Integrity Technical Section - Casing Deformation Work Group. The study findings can potentially provide practical measures to manage and mitigate casing deformation in unconventional basins within horizontal wells, thus minimizing the associated economic impact. Remaining knowledge gaps that require consideration should be addressed by actively sharing best practices and case histories within the industry on a global scale. This collaborative review paper, involving operating companies and other experts, serves as an initial step in that direction, aiming to catalyse further discussion among professionals working in this sector. It is intended as a rallying cry to encourage broader participation, deeper and shared consideration of the considerable effects of casing deformation occurrence.
- North America > United States > Texas (1.00)
- North America > Canada > Alberta (1.00)
- Asia > Middle East (1.00)
- (5 more...)
- Geology > Structural Geology (1.00)
- Geology > Petroleum Play Type > Unconventional Play > Shale Play (1.00)
- Geology > Geological Subdiscipline > Geomechanics (1.00)
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock > Clastic Rock > Mudrock > Shale (0.50)
- South America > Argentina > Patagonia > Neuquรฉn > Neuquen Basin > Vaca Muerta Shale Formation (0.99)
- Oceania > Australia > Northern Territory > McArthur Basin > Beetaloo Basin (0.99)
- North America > United States > Wyoming > Powder River Basin (0.99)
- (71 more...)
- Information Technology > Knowledge Management (0.46)
- Information Technology > Communications (0.46)
We compare microseismic observations against pumping information, landing heights and various well logs. The data were acquired during cyclic-steam injection between September 2002 and December 2005. 95% of the microseismicity occurred during injection and in the overburden; 70% of the events happened during the first cycle. Microseismicity in the overburden is likely caused by its higher brittleness than in the reservoir, cluster of microseismic events in regions with a smaller landing height, thereby facilitating dry cracking due to the volumetric expansion of the reservoir. Yet, other areas with equally shallow landing heights displayed little to no microseismicity, pointing to an inhomogeneous steam front. Furthermore, recorded microseismicity is subject to the Kaiser effect in that event rates are low in subsequent cycles until the current injection pressure exceeds the previous maximum, explaining why 70% of the events occurred during the first cycle, and possibly why microseismicity during production accounted for only 5%. Microseismicity in brittle formations can be caused by pore-pressure variations (wet cracking) and/or changes in the total stresses (dry cracking). Identification of pore-pressure variations in the overburden is important since it may indicate containment challenges. Analysis of the growth rate of the microseismic cloud combined with the shallow landing height indicated dry cracking to be more likely than wet cracking but analysis of additional data is required to strengthen this conclusion.
- North America > Canada > Alberta (1.00)
- Europe (0.93)
- North America > Canada > British Columbia (0.67)
- Geology > Sedimentary Geology (1.00)
- Geology > Petroleum Play Type > Unconventional Play > Heavy Oil Play (1.00)
- Geology > Geological Subdiscipline > Geomechanics (1.00)
- Geology > Structural Geology > Tectonics > Plate Tectonics > Earthquake (0.46)
- North America > United States > Texas > Fort Worth Basin > Barnett Shale Formation (0.99)
- North America > Canada > Saskatchewan > Western Canada Sedimentary Basin > Alberta Basin (0.99)
- North America > Canada > Northwest Territories > Western Canada Sedimentary Basin > Alberta Basin (0.99)
- (7 more...)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Characterization > Seismic processing and interpretation (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Characterization > Exploration, development, structural geology (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Improved and Enhanced Recovery > Thermal methods (1.00)
Upon completion of this course, participants are expected to have a good understanding of the characteristics of the machine learning approaches and be able to use them to identify potential application domains in the upstream oil and gas industry. They will acquire detailed knowledge of the popularly used machine learning algorithms and the workflow to employ these algorithms to solve petroleum engineering problems. Finally, they will see the demonstrations of different machine learning algorithms to reservoir characterization, production analysis, well productivity forcast, and recovery enhancement in tight/shale reservoirs.
- North America > Canada > Saskatchewan > Western Canada Sedimentary Basin > Alberta Basin (0.99)
- North America > Canada > Northwest Territories > Western Canada Sedimentary Basin > Alberta Basin (0.99)
- North America > Canada > Manitoba > Western Canada Sedimentary Basin > Alberta Basin (0.99)
- (2 more...)
William Nicholas (Bill) Goodway obtained a B.Sc. in geology from the University of London in 1977 and a M.Sc. in geophysics from the University of Calgary in 2001. Prior to 1985, Bill worked for various seismic contractors in the United Kingdom and Canada. Since 1985, Bill has been employed at PanCanadian Petroleum within the Geophysics department in various capacities from geophysicist to being the team lead of a seismic analysis group. Following the PanCanadian and AEC merger to form EnCana in 2002, Bill has worked in the Frontier and New Ventures Group and more recently in Canadian Ventures and Gas Shales, as an adviser for seismic analysis. In this position, Bill is involved in virtually all aspects of applied seismic exploration from acquisition design and processing to experimental special projects and new interpretation methods.
- Geology > Geological Subdiscipline > Geomechanics (0.49)
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock > Clastic Rock (0.36)
- North America > Canada > Saskatchewan > Western Canada Sedimentary Basin > Alberta Basin (0.99)
- North America > Canada > Northwest Territories > Western Canada Sedimentary Basin > Alberta Basin (0.99)
- North America > Canada > Manitoba > Western Canada Sedimentary Basin > Alberta Basin (0.99)
- (3 more...)
- Information Technology > Knowledge Management (0.40)
- Information Technology > Communications > Collaboration (0.40)
Abstract A quantitative interpretation (QI) study was conducted to characterize four formations located in Alberta, Canada. The Montney formation is targeted for gas production, while the Cadomin, Baldonnel, and Belloy formations are intended for CO2 sequestration. In this occasion, a thorough discussion of the results and their applicability is presented, focusing on the rock physics inversion and its direct link with drilling operations and interpretation. The study is currently being extended to estimate pore pressure and effective stress in the Montney formation, along with the application of a direct probabilistic inversion to identify facies. These two workflows will further optimize drilling targets and enhance completion operations. Introduction This paper builds upon a previous study that focused on reservoir characterization of four geological formations in Northwestern Alberta, Canada, specifically targeting gas production in the Montney formation and CO2 sequestration in the Cadomin, Baldonnel, and Belloy formations. Our objectives include presenting a comprehensive discussion of results, with a particular emphasis on the rock physics inversion's direct implications for drilling operations and interpretation. Close collaboration has played a pivotal role in obtaining valuable results, which are integral to the interpretation process. The study is being extended to estimate pore pressure and effective stress in the Montney formation. Additionally, a direct probabilistic inversion will be tested for facies identification, aiming to optimize drilling targets and enhance completion operations. Methods In this study, the methodology involved a comprehensive conditioning of seismic gathers, crucial for the Amplitude versus Offset (AVO) inversion workflow. This process included azimuthal seismic residual move-out alignment, amplitude balancing, and bandpass filtering, with a focus on improving inversion results. The gathers underwent a detailed QC, and a seismic Amplitude versus Azimuth (AVAZ) alignment ensured correct data alignment for seismic events across all incidence and azimuth angles. The aligned azimuthal angle stacks were then re-stacked into angle stacks ranging from 0-52ยฐ, with subsequent bandpass filtering to remove noise. Amplitude balancing was also performed to correct for geological transmission shadowing.
- North America > Canada > British Columbia (1.00)
- North America > Canada > Alberta (1.00)
- North America > Canada > Saskatchewan > Western Canada Sedimentary Basin > Alberta Basin (0.99)
- North America > Canada > Northwest Territories > Western Canada Sedimentary Basin > Alberta Basin (0.99)
- North America > Canada > Manitoba > Western Canada Sedimentary Basin > Alberta Basin (0.99)
- (6 more...)
Abstract The Early Triassic Montney Formation in western Canada hosts a world-class unconventional petroleum accumulation with a complex history of hydrocarbon charging from both external and internal source rocks. This study focuses on self-sourced hydrocarbons and their intraformational migration within the siltstone-dominated Montney Formation. A review of recent geochemical studies highlights evidence of three main widespread episodes of intraformational hydrocarbon migration. The first episode was characterized by the migration of early-generated oil from internal Montney organic-rich source rocks during rapid burial. The second episode consisted of gas-condensate migration during deep burial and over-pressuring. The final episode involved methane-rich gas migration, mainly during basin uplift and depressurization. Spatial and temporal relationships of these three migration episodes fit a dynamic model of hydrocarbon generation, hydrocarbon migration and pressure evolution tied to basin subsidence and uplift history. Intraformational migration of gas and condensate has direct economic impacts on Montney well performance, such as higher gas-oil ratios and lower hydrocarbon liquid contents than expected from routine thermal maturity proxies. The Montney Formation has abundant publicly available subsurface data and thus provides a well-documented analogue for evaluating intraformational hydrocarbon migration in other unconventional petroleum accumulations. Introduction Intraformational migration of hydrocarbons driven by the changing pressure, volume and temperature (PVT) conditions that accompany basin subsidence and uplift is gaining increased recognition as a common phenomenon in unconventional low-permeability petroleum accumulations (Han et al., 2015, 2019; Wood and Sanei, 2016; Zumberge et al., 2016; Ducros et al., 2017; Euzen et al., 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021; Wood et al., 2021a, 2022). Recognizing significant hydrocarbon migration episodes is important for assessing unconventional oil and gas plays because it provides a basis for understanding intricate geographic distributions of gas-oil ratio (GOR) or condensate-gas ratio (CGR) in terms of first-order thermal maturity trends and second-order migration trends (Wood and Sanei, 2016; Wood and Sanei, 2017; Wood et al., 2021a). Sound delineation of intraformational migration and consequent mixing of hydrocarbon fluids directly impacts play economics by enhancing the ability to target liquid-rich versus drier gas zones, depending on changing commodity prices or corporate resource-development strategy.
- North America > Canada > British Columbia (1.00)
- North America > Canada > Alberta (1.00)
- Geology > Geological Subdiscipline > Geochemistry (1.00)
- Geology > Geological Subdiscipline > Economic Geology > Petroleum Geology (1.00)
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock > Clastic Rock > Mudrock (0.51)
- North America > United States > Wyoming > DJ (Denver-Julesburg) Basin (0.99)
- North America > United States > Texas > Permian Basin > Midland Basin (0.99)
- North America > United States > Texas > Fort Worth Basin > Barnett Shale Formation (0.99)
- (39 more...)