Electrical submersible pumps focuses on the standard ESP configuration. It has the pump, seal chamber section, and motor attached to the production tubing, in this order from top down. In some wellbore completions and unique ESP applications, the arrangement and configuration of the system is modified. For a bottom-intake design, the production fluid is drawn in the intake ports located at the very bottom of the ESP system and discharged out of ports located just below the connection to the seal-chamber section. Because the discharged production fluid cannot flow through the seal-chamber section and motor, it has to exit into the casing or liner annulus and flow past these units.

Estimating resource and reserves crosses the disciplines between geoscientists and petroleum engineers. While the geoscientist may well have primary responsibility, the engineer must carry the resource and reserve models forward for planning and economics. Volumetric estimates of reserves are among the most common examples of Monte Carlo simulation. Consider the following typical volumetric formula to calculate the gas in place, G, in standard cubic feet. In this formula, there is one component that identifies the prospect, A, while the other factors essentially modify this component.

You must log in to edit PetroWiki. Content of PetroWiki is intended for personal use only and to supplement, not replace, engineering judgment. SPE disclaims any and all liability for your use of such content. The following 10 pages are in this category, out of 10 total.

The drilling conditions described above have led to the following practices, which are reasonably uniform, in the geothermal drilling industry. Because of the hard, fractured formations, roller-cone bits with tungsten-carbide inserts are almost universally used for geothermal drilling. The abrasive rocks mean that bit life is usually low (50 to 100 m), but many bits are also pulled because of bearing failures caused by rough drilling and high temperature. Polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bits have the dual advantages of more efficient rock cutting and no moving parts, but experience with PDC bits in geothermal drilling is both scant and unfavorable. Much research and development in hard-rock PDC bits is under way,[8][9] so it is possible that these bits will come into wider use in geothermal drilling.

Characterizing geothermal reservoirs draws on techniques common to petroleum reservoirs. Key differences create special challenges to gaining a good understanding of geothermal reservoirs. This article covers appropriate approaches and caveats for well testing, drawdown/buildup analyses and decline curve analysis for characterizing geothermal reservoirs. Geothermal well testing is similar in many respects to transient pressure testing of oil/gas wells, with some significant differences. Many geothermal wells induce boiling in the near-well reservoir, giving rise to temperature transients as well as pressure transients. Substantial phase change may also take place in the well, further complicating analysis. Pressure tools must be kept in a high-temperature environment for long periods of time, and production intervals are frequently very small portions of overall well depth.

In formations where the pore space is occupied by a stationary gas phase and a mobile water phase, such as in a watered-out gas reservoir, the residual gas saturation (Sgr) may need to be measured in situ. The Sgr also can be determined using a single-well injection/production test method.[1] Sgr measurement involves injecting and immediately producing a suitable volume of water. The water used for injection typically is produced from the target well before the test and stored in tanks on the surface. During production, the amount of gas dissolved in the water (Rsw) that is produced from the formation is measured.

In certain situations, it is necessary to obtain a reliable measurement for connate water saturation (Swc) in an oil reservoir. The single well chemical tracer (SWCT) method has been used successfully for this purpose. The SWCT method has been used successfully for this purpose in six reservoirs.[1] The SWCT test for Swc usually is carried out on wells that are essentially 100% oil producers. The procedure is analogous to the SWCT method for Sor, taking into account that oil is the mobile phase and water is stationary in the pore space.

The single-well chemical tracer (SWCT) test is an in-situ method for measuring fluid saturations in reservoirs. Most often, residual oil saturation is measured; less frequently, connate water saturation (Swc) is the objective. Either saturation is measured where one phase effectively is stationary in the pore space (i.e., is at residual saturation) and the other phase can flow to the wellbore. Recently, the SWCT method has been extended to measure oil/water fractional flow at measured fluid saturations in situations in which both oil and water phases are mobile. The SWCT test is used primarily to quantify the target oil saturation before initiating improved oil recovery (IOR) operations, to measure the effectiveness of IOR agents in a single well pilot and to assess a field for bypassed oil targets.

Tracers are used in well to well tests to gather data about the movement and saturation of fluids and hydrocarbons in the subsurface. Chemical tracers can be used to gather data about water or gas. This article discusses some of the commonly used chemical gas tracers for well to well tests. Chemical tracers can also be used in a single well configuration to estimate residual gas saturation. As early as 1946, Frost[1] reported the use of helium as a tracer under gas injection.

Tracers are used in well to well tests to gather data about the movement and saturation of fluids and hydrocarbons in the subsurface. Chemical tracers can be used to gather data about water or gas. This article discusses some of the commonly used chemical water tracers for well to well tests. Chemical tracers can also be used in a single well configuration to estimate residual oil saturation or connate water saturation. Application of several nonradioactive chemical tracers has been reported in the literature.