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Second generation 3-D seismic surveys (2G3D) refer to those surveys re-acquired or re-processed over the same geographic area. In the western Gulf of Mexico, 2G3D's prove to be cost-effective exploitation investments, contribute heavily to better business decisions, and provide dramatic exploitation impact. Our sampling of six (6) surveys cover Plio-Pleistocene and Miocene age producing properties and environs. These 2G3D surveys are four to eleven years younger than their predecessors. Acquisition of the progenal surveys are distingusihed from the predecessors by: (1) larger source array widths and volumes (typically a five times increase) with dual cable recording; (2) two to three times decrease in line spacing; (3) one to thirteen times increase in proprietary mileage collected; and (4) a four to seven times increase in area1 extent.
- North America > United States (0.68)
- North America > Mexico (0.68)
- Phanerozoic > Cenozoic > Quaternary > Pleistocene (0.61)
- Phanerozoic > Cenozoic > Neogene (0.61)
Over the last several years, those of us in the petroleum business have witnessed remarkable changes in our industry and our profession. We must be able to change with the conditions if we are to survive with them. In order to do so, some idea of what the future holds is essential. World energy demand should grow in proportion to world population, which should at least double by the year 2100. Much of the increase in demand will have to be met by fossil fuels for at least the next 20-40 years.
The Saharian Atlas (North Algeria): Example of an Inverted Basin
Villay, Roland (Institut Francais du Petrole) | Letouzey, J. (Institut Francais du Petrole) | Benard, F. (Institut Francais du Petrole) | Haddadu, N. (Total Algerie) | Desforges, G. (Total Algerie) | Askri, H. (Sonatrach Exploration) | Boudjema, A. (Sonatrach Exploration)
The Saharian Atlas is located between the Tellian domain (in the North) which is a segment of the Tethyan paleomargin and the Saharian platform (in the South), relatively stable since the end of the Paleozoic. In the western part of the Saharian Atlas (between the Moroccan border and the Algiers meridian), the Mesozoic series begins with a thick Triassic evaportitic sequence which formed the maor decollement level during the Tertiary compression. The extensional phase continued during the Early and Middle Jurassic, and resulted in the formation of a subsident intracratonic basin infilled with a thick Mesozoic series (7 to 9 km). To the north (Hauts Plateaux) and to the South (Saharian platform), this basin is bordered by relatively stable Mesozoic areas. During the compressive phases (Tertiary), associated to the genesis of the peri-Mediterranean ranges, the extensional structures were reactivated into reverse faults; the evolution of the Atlas Mesozic basin ended with the formation of Saharian Atlas range, which is a typical inverted basin.
Without understanding this, the neously developed trapping structures (roll-pure structural "datum chasing" approach over anticlines downthrown to the growth results in a map with the highest point fault). The order of events (which are for being mapped on the upthrown shale ridge--"a the most part penecontemporaneous) in the definite dry hole." The first of DMB.) (4) Extensive diapirism of prodelta these DMB prospects (DMB 7) was drilled in shales around the sand depopod (an adjust-August of 1992. The well logged three gas ment to the imbalance caused by sediment sands, one oil sand, and three other sands loading), generating upthrown shale ridges which could potentially be productive.
The Lower Congo basin offshore Cabinda (Angola) and Zaire encompasses a region of approximately 3 million hectares. The basin includes a classic example of a petroliferous rift-and passive-margin depositional system. The Lower Congo Basin's tectonic evolution andunique paleogeographical setting have combined to produce a stacked system of hydrocarbon-rich units within both the Early Cretaceous Lacustrine sediments and the late Cretaceous/Tertiary marine sedimetns. The regional tectonics resulted in closed ocean circulation during the late Early Cretaceous (mid -Aptian) and the depostion of a thick Aptian salt layer. The western protion of this salt unit is found on the Brazilian margin.
- Africa > Angola > South Atlantic Ocean (1.00)
- Africa > Angola > Cabinda Province > Cabinda (0.67)
- Phanerozoic > Mesozoic > Cretaceous > Lower Cretaceous (0.84)
- Phanerozoic > Mesozoic > Cretaceous > Upper Cretaceous (0.51)
It seems likely that many of the new petroleum provinces of the 21st century will lie in deepwater, where well costs will be high. This paper illustrates how an inexpensive program of seabed sampling can provide vital control on reservoir and source in the early exploration of deepwater frontier and help focus on eads over which more expensive exploration programmes can be concentrated. BP and TPAO in 1992 procured the services of Yuzhmorgeologiya's reserach ship "Gelendzhik" to undertake such a programme over their Eastern Black Sea Concession. Huge tilted fault block closures had previously been detected by a regional seismic programme. Five hundred geochemical cores were acquired, the locations of which were chosen on geophysical data.
Thorough employ a "dampened feedback" technique inversion of borehole electrical data to emulate varying influence from surrounding requires the use of resistivity distributions formation. The standard Bp network in order to consider the influence of processes date from the current depth along a large volume of spatially surrounding with responses from the long-term memories formation. Unfortunately, data acquired to produce an initial guess for one to five from logging instruments can only be generally formation parameters associated with the characterized with respect to theoretical current depth.
AI technologies are explored with the ary phase begins with the integration and of different AI paradigms. This presentation the complementary strengths of each technolexamines expert systems, neural networks, WY l fuzzy logic systems, genetic algorithms, and data base mining as examples of AI technologies that are in various stages of maturity and describe how these technologues have and are impacting the petroleum industry. During the infancy of a new technology, the principal barriers to successful implementation are mainly technological in nature. Neural networks were of little use for solving complex problems until the backpropagation method was discovered in the 1980's to train a multilayer network. As a technology moves on to the second stage, important commercial issues arise.
Different numerical methods are used but all are implemented in the frequency domain. This is because it is In this paper, 2-D ultrasonic physical modeling is used easier to use these visco-elastic models in the frequency to study the visco-elastic properties of some non-metallic domain. The time domain result is done by the use of the materials commonly used in physical model experiment.
Existing migration schemes cannot handle the two This was shown by Wenzel (1991). Further most important problems of migration simultaneously: improvements have been proposed by Haddow (1992) 1) steep dip imaging and 2) arbitrary velocity variations and Kessinger (1992). The aim of our investigation is in all directions.