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Collaborating Authors
scaling
The primary objective in data processing is to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio while preserving the useful signal bandwidth associated with the recorded data at all stages in the analysis. The principle of parsimony in processing is the basis to achieve this objective. Specifically, a processing sequence should be optimally lean and not include any step that may do more harm than the intended action by that process. A further compelling reason for parsimony is preserving relative amplitudes for amplitude-driven exploration objectives associated with stratigraphic plays. Figures 1.5-42 through 1.5-53 show the step-by-step appearance of a portion of a stacked section based on a very basic processing sequence intended to minimize amplitude distortions while largely attenuating reverberations, multiples, and random noise and ultimately increasing vertical and lateral resolution.
- Information Technology > Knowledge Management (0.40)
- Information Technology > Communications > Collaboration (0.40)
Gain is a time-variant scaling in which the scaling function is based on a desired criterion. For instance, geometric spreading correction is applied to compensate for wavefront divergence early in processing, before deconvolution. Also before deconvolution, an exponential gain may be applied to compensate for attenuation losses. Often, gain is applied to seismic data for display. An automatic gain control (AGC) is applied to seismic data to bring up weak signals.
- Information Technology > Knowledge Management (0.40)
- Information Technology > Communications > Collaboration (0.40)
_ Finding talent to advance technologies for energy transition are among the top concerns among executives in oil and gas, utilities, chemicals, mining, and agribusiness. Talent shortages, especially for technical experts, are slowing down progress. One in three companies reported difficulty finding the engineers they need in a recent Bain & Company survey of 600 executives. Digital and information technology talent is at a premium in all sectors and regions. Although about 60% of executives expect digital and AI technologies to change their businesses significantly by 2030 (only 7 years from now), theyโre struggling to find talent that can help them move in that direction. Frontline labor is also in short supply. One in four are not finding enough frontline workers, cited by 39% of the companies in North America and 42% in the Middle East. The survey found that traditional energy companies are rethinking how they hire, manage, and retain talented people. For example, an unidentified large international energy company changed its approach to identifying talent and increasing diversity by taking a skills-first approach. It reevaluated job descriptions to remove requirements that werenโt critical and is considering skills developed in other industries, recruiting at more schools, and looking at a wider range of degree majors. Energy companies may have to recruit from engineering firms, technology companies, and government. The report noted that finding the talent to lead integration solutions and stakeholders is often difficult. โRather than expertise in functional disciplinesโfrom digital capabilities, electrical system design, and joint venture negotiations to niches like customersโ offtake and usage patterns or electrolyzer manufacturingโproject leads who have significant โtechno-commercialโ hybrid skills to integrate all of these areas, or who are great at nurturing partnerships, will be more likely to succeed.โ The complexity of meeting the worldโs increasing energy demands while attaining net-zero goals was identified by the executives. To close the gap between energy provided by low-carbon sources and that provided by hydrocarbons, the struggle to find technical talent to supply the worldโs energy needs will continue. Bain noted, โThe massive expansion of primary energy supply since the 19th century has driven an unparalleled improvement in human longevity and prosperity.โ Those benefits, however, have not been equally realized in many parts of the world. Energy poverty remains a reality, especially in the global south regions. โFuture population growth will be overwhelmingly concentrated in these regions, with the population of sub-Saharan Africa alone expected to almost double.โ About 675 million people do not have access to electricity, and 2.3 billion people (about 30% of the worldโs population) have no access to clean cooking fuels or technologies that prevent premature death from indoor air pollution. Using a scenario to emphasize the scope of the worldโs increasing demand for energy, Bain wrote, โSay that India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Nigeria, and other countries with low or very low energy consumption per capita today were to increase per capita consumption by 2050 to the level of, for example, Mexico, in pursuit of economic growth, a desirable goal. Global primary energy consumption would then grow by about 70 petawatt-hours, or approximately 45% of total global energy supply as of 2019.โ ExxonMobil, in its global energy outlook, said that to support the worldโs growing population with rising living standards, 15% more energy will need to be produced in 2050 than today. It projected that more than 50% of energy demand will still be met by oil and gas in 2050. (Senior Technology Editor Jennifer Presley takes a closer look at future supplies in her feature, โElephant HuntโThe Search for the Oil and Gas Supplies to 2050,โ in this JPT issue.) The world needs more clean energy, whether geothermal, hydrogen, renewables, nuclear, zero-emissions hydrocarbons, etc.โand it needs the technical knowledge to deliver it. For Further Reading Elephant HuntโThe Search for the Oil and Gas Supplies to 2050 (https://jpt.spe.org/elephant-hunt-the-search-for-the-oil-and-gas-supplies-to-2050) by Jennifer Presley, JPT. US Petroleum Engineering Graduation Rates Keep Falling, but Oil Execs Are Not Complaining Yet (https://jpt.spe.org/us-petroleum-engineering-graduation-rates-keep-falling-but-oil-execs-are-not-complaining-yet) by Stephen Rassenfoss, JPT.
- Africa (1.00)
- Asia > Middle East > Saudi Arabia (0.17)
- Asia > Middle East > UAE (0.16)
- Energy > Renewable (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Government > Regional Government > Asia Government > Middle East Government (0.32)
Finding talent to advance technologies for energy transition are among the top concerns among executives in oil and gas, utilities, chemicals, mining, and agribusiness. Talent shortages, especially for technical experts, are slowing down progress. One in three companies reported difficulty finding the engineers they need in a recent Bain & Company survey of 600 executives. Digital and information technology talent is at a premium in all sectors and regions. Although about 60% of executives expect digital and AI technologies to change their businesses significantly by 2030 (only 7 years from now), they're struggling to find talent that can help them move in that direction.
Efficient fully coupled 3D poroelastic modeling of geomechanical deformation during depletion and reinjection: An asymptotic transformation of Biotโs poroelasticity from a dynamic to a quasistatic response
Shabelansky, Andrey H. (Chevron Technical Center) | Nihei, Kurt T. (Chevron Technical Center) | Fradelizio, Gian (Chevron Canada Resources) | Tracey, Sinead (Chevron Canada Resources) | Bevc, Dimitri (Chevron Technical Center)
ABSTRACT We develop an approach for efficient 3D simulation of the quasistatic fully coupled poroelastic response of a reservoir during depletion and subsequent reinjection. The approach uses a scaling of the solid and fluid densities in Biotโs poroelastic equations. This scaling impacts the critical frequency of Biotโs slow wave that defines diffusive flow () and wave propagation (). We find the criterion for the density scaling range over which the poroelastic response is accurately modeled and benchmark the approach against Terzaghiโs 1D and Rudnickiโs 3D analytic solutions. The density scaling approach is presently limited to single-phase fluid flow. To illustrate the utility of this approach, we simulate microseismic depletion delineation (MDD) in a fractured unconventional reservoir. The reservoir, which is subjected to an anisotropic stress field, is first produced for 1000ย days, and then a reinjection (below the in situ pressure) is performed for 100ย days. We find that stress reorientation during production produces favorable conditions for the generation of Mohr-Coulomb slip-related microseismicity. The locations of these microseismic events are found to be consistent with depleted portions of the fracture system, in accordance with the MDD concept.
- North America > United States > Texas (0.46)
- North America > Canada > Alberta (0.28)
- North America > United States > Texas > Permian Basin > Midland Basin (0.99)
- North America > Canada > Alberta > Western Canada Sedimentary Basin > Alberta Basin > Duvernay Field > Duvernay Formation > Acl Duv 13-12-57-13 Well (0.98)
- Europe > Italy (0.91)
Engineers that have focused on drilling and fracturing rock are now looking at ways to grow it to stop leaks. There's no shortage of options, and none of them threaten the future of the cement squeezes. Two recent papers, though, offer a glimpse at the growing array of new options inspired by difficult problems ranging from plugging elusive methane leaks to long-term carbon storage. One paper discusses healing micron-scale cracks that allow gas leaks through the annulus by injecting a mix of bacteria and chemicals into those spaces, where they create a calcium carbonate seal. The other approach is aimed at filling large openings with methods ranging from building long, underground barrier walls to plugging faults.
Abstract There is a lack of quality-control (QC) methods to ensure measured seismic data are within the span of modeled seismic data in the context of ensemble-based seismic history matching of reservoir models. The dimensionality of seismic data makes it difficult to visualize the data and further compare them to the large number of ensembles in an efficient manner. Two attributes called coverage and importance are introduced to incorporate the key elements of reviewing an ensemble. The coverage attribute delineates where the set of models replicates the measured data, and the importance attribute identifies where it is important to fit the data above the noise threshold. The two attributes are then combined to highlight in which spatial area our reservoir model ensemble appropriately models the data and where a significant discrepancy exists between our ensemble of models and the measured data. The attributes are closely connected to noise, as coverage always must be analyzed in terms of the noise level. Although noise may not be explicitly corrected for, the methodology corrects the attributes for the noise assessed. The method is applied on two data examples from field seismic data: a 4D absolute difference amplitude map and a 4D relative impedance difference cube. The first example shows how changing the oil-water contact of the ensemble can improve the coverage without any history matching, and the second shows how it is more difficult to get a good coverage using 3D seismic attributes rather than using 2D maps of seismic data. The proposed QC attributes provide tools to better manage coverage of seismic data in the ensemble.
- Geophysics > Time-Lapse Surveying > Time-Lapse Seismic Surveying (1.00)
- Geophysics > Seismic Surveying (1.00)
- Europe > Norway > Norwegian Sea > Halten Terrace > PL 128 > Block 6608/10 > Norne Field > Tofte Formation (0.99)
- Europe > Norway > Norwegian Sea > Halten Terrace > PL 128 > Block 6608/10 > Norne Field > Not Formation (0.99)
- Europe > Norway > Norwegian Sea > Halten Terrace > PL 128 > Block 6608/10 > Norne Field > Ile Formation (0.99)
- (3 more...)
Abstract Flow assurance ensures that geothermal fluids (hot water and steam) flow properly in a pipe or well and are transferred to a power plant safely and cost-effectively. Inorganic deposition (scales) is regarded as the primary issue in geothermal fluid flow, and a reliable controlling strategy to predict and prevent scaling is essential. We introduced a practical scale integrity management strategy to predict and prevent scaling in the flowline to achieve this goal. Thermochemical modeling is the primary predictive model to predict why, where, and when scaling will occur. Then two treatment approaches (chemical and non-chemical) are investigated to prevent and treat scaling. What-if analysis is extensively applied to propose an economic plan. Due to the inability of laboratory research to replicate the extreme pressures and temperatures of geothermal wells, experts do not know precisely when and how minerals dissolve down in the well and are unable to offer regulating recommendations. Therefore, an efficient scale integrity management plan must be implemented. Simulation tools play a significant part in the development of flow assurance, as they provide a consistent framework for testing various what-if scenarios and aid in making the best operational solution. Injecting chemicals is not always economical to control scaling in geothermal operation due to the cost and inefficiency in high-pressure and high-temperature situations in these wells, and the non-chemical approach should be prioritized. Potential non-chemical approaches include sulfate reduction, operating wells outside critical scaling envelopes, reinjecting produced water, and lifting gas injection with more CO2. This research intends to broaden the flow assurance concept in geothermal wells by analyzing the impediments and treatments from wells to the surface facilities.
- Europe (1.00)
- North America > United States (0.93)
- North America > Canada > Alberta (0.28)
- Geology > Geological Subdiscipline > Geochemistry (0.46)
- Geology > Mineral > Sulfate (0.36)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Energy > Renewable > Geothermal > Geothermal Energy Engineering > Geothermal Production (0.40)
Coatings to Regulate Scaling in Geothermal Applications
Sabard, Alexandre (TWI Ltd) | Paul, Shiladitya (TWI Ltd) | Holmes, Briony (TWI Ltd) | Kale, Namrata (TWI Ltd) | Halaรงoglu, Ural (Zorlu Enerji) | Sahiller, Hakan Alp (Zorlu Enerji) | Sengรผn, Raziye (Zorlu Enerji) | Stefansson, Andri (University of Iceland) | Prikryl, Jan (Gerosion Ltd) | Pardelli, Paolo Taddei (Spike Renewables Srl) | Tempesti, Claretta (Spike Renewables Srl) | Mannelli, Andrea (Spike Renewables Srl) | Rouge, Sylvie (CEA-LITEN) | Caney, Nadia (CEA-LITEN) | Kjellgren, Per (Flowphys AS) | Ediger, Volkan (Kadir Has University) | Kirkil, Gokhan (Kadir Has University)
Abstract This paper explores the possibility of using thermal spray coatings to engineer the substrate surfaces and modify the scaling behaviour in simulated geothermal environments. The coatings were pre-selected based on the performance data in literature, ease of application, availability and cost. The philosophy was to select coating types that facilitate and/or retard the formation of surface scales, by investigating modifying the coating properties through a matrix of process parameters. Gas pressure was selected as a variable to modify the topography and surface roughness of the deposits. Carbon steel substrates were coated with different coating materials and water contact angle measurements were carried out. These measurements provided an indication of possible wettability of the coatings, and allowed further down-selection in conjunction with optical profilometry. The down-selected coatings were tested in simulated scale-forming conditions for 96 h followed by detailed post-test characterisation (photography, light and electron microscopy). Introduction Geothermal Energy is currently engineered as an "always on" baseload supply, due to the limited flexibility to throttle the well without scaling and fatigue issues, and it is engineered for maximal efficiency at this output level. Scaling is a major problem in geothermal plants, particularly in cases where the geothermal fluid composition and plant operation make it difficult to control scaling. In such areas, particularly where scale inhibitors cannot be employed, the formation of scales can make the process less efficient and in extreme cases can lead to unexpected shutdown. Scaling is not only dependent on the geothermal fluid chemistry and operational conditions, it also depends on the surface properties of the materials in contact with the geothermal fluid. Geothermal fluids containing high silicate and carbonate content have shown propensity to scale due to changes in pressure and temperature during unit operations and processes associated with geothermal plants. Carbonate scaling, particularly in the form of calcium carbonate is well known in geothermal plants working with limestone or dolomite aquifers. These are more common in low to medium enthalpy geothermal facilities. In contrast, silicates (or silica) is widespread in high enthalpy geothermal fields. Sulfates, sulfides, oxides and hydrated oxides can also form scales. Some chlorides can also form scales (silver chloride, lead chloride etc), but nitrates do not as metal nitrates are soluble in water.
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock > Carbonate Rock (0.54)
- Geology > Mineral > Silicate (0.45)
In the five years since we started the Stanford DAS-array project substantial progress have been made towards the goal of deploying city-wide dark-fiber seismic arrays that have the potential for improving the quality and safety of urban life. Four applications are the most promising: 1) nearsurface imaging and monitoring, 2) local-seismicity analysis, 3) traffic monitoring, and 4) infrastructure monitoring. Scaling up current small research arrays to citywide arrays is crucial for all of these applications to deliver real practical value. DAS interrogators improvements in range and sensitivity are decreasing unit-length cost and logistic challenges of large-scale deployments. Timely delivery of valuable information depends on developments of fast and automatic algorithms, such as neural networks running on cost-efficient hardware. Further progress are also necessary in specialized technologies such as the mapping of DAS virtual channels to physical locations, and fast signalenhancement methods.